Novel prodrug salts

ABSTRACT

Provided are novel prodrug salts of selective aquaporin inhibitors, their use as pharmaceuticals, and pharmaceutical compositions comprising them, and novel processes for their synthesis and novel intermediates for use in their synthesis. Also provided is use of a compound for the prophylaxis, treatment, and control of aquaporin-mediated conditions. Aquaporin inhibitors, e.g., inhibitors of AQP4 and/or AQP2, may be of utility in the treatment or control of diseases of water imbalance, for example edema (particularly edema of the brain and spinal cord), hyponatremia, and excess fluid retention, as well as diseases such as epilepsy, retinal ischemia and other diseases of the eye, myocardial ischemia, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, myocardial infarction, myocardial hypoxia, congestive heart failure, sepsis, and neuromyelitis optica, as well as migraines.

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/900,878 filed Nov. 6, 2013, U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/900,946 filed Nov. 6, 2013, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/900,919 filed Nov. 6, 2013.

TECHNICAL FIELD

Provided are novel prodrug salts of selective aquaporin inhibitors, e.g., of aquaporin-4 and/or aquaporin-2, of Formula I as described below, their use as pharmaceuticals and pharmaceutical compositions comprising them, and novel intermediates used in and novel processes for their synthesis. These novel prodrug salts are useful e.g., in the prophylaxis, treatment, and control of aquaporin-mediated conditions, e.g., diseases of water imbalance, for example edema (particularly edema of the brain and spinal cord, e.g., following trauma or ischemic stroke, as well as edema associated with glioma, meningitis, acute mountain sickness, epileptic seizure, infection, metabolic disorder, hypoxia, water intoxication, hepatic failure, hepatic encephalopathy, diabetic ketoacidosis, abscess, eclampsia, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and lupus cerebritis, as well as edema consequent to microgravity and/or radiation exposure, as well as optic nerve edema, e.g., optic nerve edema consequent to microgravity and/or radiation exposure, as well as edema consequent to an invasive central nervous system procedure, e.g., neurosurgery, endovascular clot removal, spinal tap, aneurysm repair, or deep brain stimulation, as well as retinal edema, as well as pulmonary edema, as well as brain swelling consequent to cardiac arrest, e.g., related to the development of the metabolic acidosis (e.g. lactic acidosis) due to hypoxia before the resuscitation period), as well as hyponatremia and excess fluid retention, ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, and diseases such as epilepsy, retinal ischemia and other diseases of the eye associated with abnormalities in intraocular pressure and/or tissue hydration, myocardial ischemia, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, myocardial infarction, myocardial hypoxia, congestive heart failure, sepsis, neuromyelitis optica, and glioblastoma, as well as fibromyalgia, multiple sclerosis, and migraines.

BACKGROUND

Aquaporins are cell membrane proteins that act as molecular water channels to mediate the flow of water in and out of the cells. While there is some degree of passive diffusion or osmosis of water across cell membranes, the rapid and selective transport of water in and out of cells involves aquaporins. These water channels selectively conduct water molecules in and out of the cell, while blocking the passage of ions and other solutes, thereby preserving the membrane potential of the cell. Aquaporins are found in virtually all life forms, from bacteria to plants to animals. In humans, they are found in cells throughout the body.

Aquaporin inhibitors, e.g., inhibitors of AQP4 and/or AQP2, may be of utility in the treatment or control of diseases of water imbalance, for example edema (particularly edema of the brain and spinal cord), hyponatremia, and excess fluid retention, as well as diseases such as epilepsy, retinal ischemia and other diseases of the eye, myocardial ischemia, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, myocardial infarction, myocardial hypoxia, congestive heart failure, sepsis, and neuromyelitis optica, as well as migraines.

Prior to Applicants' filings, there have been no known specific, validated inhibitors of aquaporins, for example AQP4 or AQP2. Certain antiepileptic or sulfonamide drugs (e.g., acetylsulfanilamide, acetazolamide, 6-ethoxy-benzothiazole-2-sulfonamide, topiramate, zonisamide, phenytoin, lamotrigine, and sumatriptan) were at one point reported to be possible inhibitors of AQP4, but this later proved to be incorrect. Yang, et al., Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry (2008) 16: 7489-7493. No direct inhibitors of AQP2 have been reported.

Thus, there is a need for compounds that selectively inhibit aquaporins. In addition, there is a need for compounds that may be formulated to deliver compounds that selectively inhibit aquaporins, for example compounds which may be soluble in aqueous media and/or may be administered easily to patients.

BRIEF SUMMARY

Provided is a compound of Formula I

wherein: R¹, R², R³, R⁴, and R⁵ are independently H, halogen (e.g., Cl or Br), C₁₋₄-alkyl, C₁₋₄-haloalkyl (e.g., —CF₃), or cyano; one of R⁶ and R⁷ is OH and the other is O⁻Q⁺ or both of R⁶ and R⁷ are O⁻Q⁺; each Q⁺ is independently Na⁺, K⁺, HOR⁸NH₃ ⁺, (HOR⁸)₂NH₂ ⁺, or (HOR⁸)₃NH⁺; and each R⁸ is independently C₁₋₄-alkylene (e.g., —CH₂—CH₂—).

Also provided is a compound of Formula I which is a compound of Formula II

wherein: one of R⁶ and R⁷ is OH and the other is O⁻Q⁺ or both of R⁶ and R⁷ are O⁻Q⁺; each Q⁺ is independently K⁺, HOR⁸NH₃ ⁺, (HOR⁸)₂NH₂ ⁺, or (HOR⁸)₃NH⁺; and each R⁸ is independently C₁₋₄-alkylene (e.g., —CH₂—CH₂—).

Also provided is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula I, e.g., a compound of Formula II, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

Also provided is use of a compound of Formula I, e.g., a compound of Formula II, for the prophylaxis, treatment, and control of aquaporin-mediated conditions, e.g., diseases of water imbalance, for example edema (particularly edema of the brain and spinal cord, e.g., following trauma or ischemic stroke, as well as edema associated with glioma, meningitis, acute mountain sickness, epileptic seizure, infection, metabolic disorder, hypoxia, water intoxication, hepatic failure, hepatic encephalopathy, diabetic ketoacidosis, abscess, eclampsia, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and lupus cerebritis, as well as edema consequent to microgravity and/or radiation exposure, as well as optic nerve edema, e.g., optic nerve edema consequent to microgravity and/or radiation exposure, as well as edema consequent to an invasive central nervous system procedure, e.g., neurosurgery, endovascular clot removal, spinal tap, aneurysm repair, or deep brain stimulation, as well as retinal edema, as well as brain swelling consequent to cardiac arrest, e.g., related to the development of the metabolic acidosis (e.g. lactic acidosis) due to hypoxia before the resuscitation period), as well as hyponatremia and excess fluid retention, ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, as well as diseases such as epilepsy, retinal ischemia and other diseases of the eye associated with abnormalities in intraocular pressure and/or tissue hydration, myocardial ischemia, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, myocardial infarction, myocardial hypoxia, congestive heart failure, sepsis, neuromyelitis optica, and glioblastoma, as well as migraines.

Also provided is a method of treating or controlling a disease or condition mediated by an aquaporin, e.g., diseases or conditions of water imbalance and other diseases, for example,

-   -   edema of the brain or spinal cord, e.g., cerebral edema, e.g.         cerebral edema consequent to head trauma, ischemic stroke,         glioma, meningitis, acute mountain sickness, epileptic seizure,         infection, metabolic disorder, hypoxia (including general         systemic hypoxia and hypoxia due to cardiac arrest), water         intoxication, hepatic failure, hepatic encephalopathy, diabetic         ketoacidosis, abscess, eclampsia, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease,         lupus cerebritis, cardiac arrest, microgravity and/or radiation         exposure, or an invasive central nervous system procedure, e.g.,         neurosurgery, endovascular clot removal, spinal tap, aneurysm         repair, or deep brain stimulation or, e.g., spinal cord edema         consequent to spinal cord trauma, e.g., spinal cord compression;         or     -   optic nerve edema, e.g., optic nerve edema consequent to         microgravity and/or radiation exposure; or     -   retinal edema; or     -   hyponatremia or excessive fluid retention, e.g., consequent to         heart failure (HF), liver cirrhosis, nephrotic disorder,         syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion         (SIADH), or infertility treatment; or     -   ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome; or     -   epilepsy, retinal ischemia or other diseases of the eye         associated with abnormalities in intraocular pressure and/or         tissue hydration, myocardial ischemia, myocardial         ischemia/reperfusion injury, myocardial infarction, myocardial         hypoxia, congestive heart failure, sepsis, neuromyelitis optica,         or glioblastoma;     -   or migraines,         comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a         therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I,         e.g., a compound of Formula II.

Also provided is a compound of Formula III

wherein: R³⁰, R³¹, R³², R³³, and R³⁴ are independently H, halogen (e.g., Cl or Br), C₁₋₄-alkyl, C₁₋₄-haloalkyl (e.g., —CF₃), or cyano; and R³⁵ and R³⁶ are independently protecting groups, e.g., wherein R³⁵ and R³⁶ are independently a protecting group comprising Si, S, N, and/or O, e.g., wherein R³⁵ and R³⁶ are independently a protecting group comprising an optionally substituted cyclic or acyclic ether, an optionally substituted silyl (e.g., —Si(C₁₋₆-alkyl)₃, e.g., —Si(C₁₋₄-alkyl)₃, e.g., —Si(CH₃)₃), an optionally substituted silyl ether, an optionally substituted ester, an optionally substituted ketone, or an optionally substituted thioether, e.g., wherein R³⁵ and R³⁶ are independently —CH₂OR′, —CH₂SR′,

—C(OC₁₋₆-alkyl)(R′)₂, —CH(R′)OR′, —C(R′)₃, —Si(R″)₃, —C(O)R″, or —C(O)OR″, wherein each R′ is independently H, C₁₋₆-alkyl (e.g., C₁₋₄-alkyl), —CH₂Si(R″)₃, —CH₂-Aryl (e.g., phenyl), —C₁₋₆-alkenyl, —CH₂OSi(R″)₃, alkoxyalkyl, or —CH₂CH₂Si(R″)₃ and each R″ is independently C₁₋₆-alkyl (e.g., C₁₋₄-alkyl) or aryl optionally substituted with alkoxy (e.g., —C₁₋₆-alkoxy, e.g., —C₁₋₄-alkoxy), halogen, cyano, or aryl (e.g., phenyl), wherein each R′ is optionally substituted with alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, or aryl, e.g., —(CH₂CH₂)_(n)—Si(R″)₃), wherein each R³⁷ is independently C₁₋₆-alkyl, e.g., C₁₋₄-alkyl and n is 0 or 1, and wherein R³⁵ and R³⁶ are not both —CH₂—C₆H₅.

Also provided is a compound of Formula XX

wherein: R⁴⁰ and R⁴¹ are independently protecting groups, e.g., wherein R⁴⁰ and R⁴¹ are independently a protecting group comprising Si, S, N, and/or O, e.g., wherein R⁴⁰ and R⁴¹ are independently a protecting group comprising an optionally substituted cyclic or acyclic ether, an optionally substituted silyl (e.g., —Si(C₁₋₆-alkyl)₃, e.g., —Si(C₁₋₄-alkyl)₃, e.g., —Si(CH₃)₃), an optionally substituted silyl ether, an optionally substituted ester, an optionally substituted ketone, or an optionally substituted thioether, e.g., wherein R⁴⁰ and R⁴¹ are independently —CH₂OR′, —CH₂SR′,

—C(OC₁₋₆-alkyl)(R′)₂, —CH(R′)OR′, —C(R′)₃, —Si(R″)₃, —C(O)R″, or —C(O)OR″, wherein each R′ is independently H, C₁₋₆-alkyl (e.g., C₁₋₄-alkyl), —CH₂Si(R″)₃, —CH₂-Aryl (e.g., phenyl), —C₁₋₆-alkenyl, —CH₂OSi(R″)₃, alkoxyalkyl, or —CH₂CH₂Si(R″)₃ and each R″ is independently C₁₋₆-alkyl (e.g., C₁₋₄-alkyl) or aryl optionally substituted with alkoxy (e.g., —C₁₋₆-alkoxy, e.g., —C₁₋₄-alkoxy), halogen, cyano, or aryl (e.g., phenyl), wherein each R′ is optionally substituted with alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, or aryl, e.g., —(CH₂CH₂)_(n)—Si(R³⁷)₃), wherein each R³⁷ is independently C₁₋₆-alkyl, e.g., C₁₋₄-alkyl and n is 0 or 1, and wherein R⁴¹ and R³⁴¹ are not both —CH₂—C₆H₅.

Also provided is a process for synthesizing a compound of Formula I, e.g., a compound of Formula II, comprising reacting a compound of Formula III and/or Formula XX.

Also provided is a process for synthesizing a compound of Formula III.

Further areas of applicability of the present disclosure will become apparent from the detailed description provided hereinafter. It should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating the preferred embodiment of the disclosure, are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts results of aquaporin-4 (FIG. 1A) and aquaporin-2 (FIG. 1B) mediated cell volume change assay, and the inhibitory effect of 5-chloro-N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-hydroxybenzamide (Compound 3) against these aquaporins.

FIG. 2 depicts specificity of 5-chloro-N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-hydroxybenzamide (Compound 3) towards AQP-1, AQP-2, AQP-4-M1, AQP-4-M23, and AQP-5.

FIG. 3 depicts a Hummel-Dryer style assay for [3H]-labeled N-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-2-hydroxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide (Compound 4) binding to purified AQP4b.

FIG. 4 depicts percent survival curves for the water toxicity mouse model using 0.76 mg/kg N-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzamide (Compound 1).

FIG. 5 depicts inhibition of cerebral edema formation by N-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzamide (Compound 1) in the mouse water toxicity model by MRI brain volume analysis, with n=14 mice/treatment. A time course of edema formation is shown comparing no drug vs. N-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzamide (Compound 1) at 0.76 mg/kg. The first time point at 5.67 min coincides with the scan slice at the middle of the brain during the first post-injection scan. Other time points are placed in a similar manner. The data is fitted to a single exponential equation:

V/V ₀ =V _(i) +dV _(max)(1−e ^((−kt))); where V/V ₀=relative brain volume, V _(i)=initial relative brain volume, dV _(max)=maximum change in relative brain volume, k=first order rate constant (min⁻¹), and t=time in minutes.

FIG. 6 depicts the calcein fluorescence end-point assay used for high throughput screening.

FIG. 7 depicts hit validation using the Cell Bursting Aquaporin Assay; inset shows the structure of 5-chloro-N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-hydroxybenzamide (Compound 3).

FIG. 8 depicts reduction in intracranial pressure (ICP) in the mouse water toxicity model with N-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzamide (Compound 1) at 0.76 mg/kg.

FIG. 9 depicts plasma and serum levels of N-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzamide (Compound 1) converted from 2-{[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbamoyl}-4-chlorophenyl phosphate bis ethanolamine salt.

FIG. 10 depicts mouse middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) model of ischemic stroke.

FIG. 11 depicts relative change in hemispheric brain volume in the mouse middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) model.

FIG. 12 depicts neurological outcome following MCAo in mice treated with saline (no drug, ) or Compound 5 (o) (2-{[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbamoyl}-4-chlorophenyl phosphate disodium salt).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following description of the preferred embodiments is merely exemplary in nature and is in no way intended to limit the present disclosure, its application, or uses.

Expression of Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is upregulated in animal models of trauma, stroke and water intoxication as well as around human malignant brain tumors. Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) has been shown to play a critical role in the development of cerebral and spinal cord edema. AQP4 provides the primary route for water movement across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and glia limitans. AQP4 knockout mice, without the APQ4 gene, have improved survival compared to wild-type mice in models of ischemic stroke, water toxicity, bacterial meningitis, and spinal cord compression.

Cerebral edema (CE) may be generally divided into 2 major categories: vasogenic and cytotoxic. Vasogenic cerebral edema may occur when a breach in the BBB allows water and solutes to diffuse into the brain. It has been reported that AQP4-null mice have increased brain edema in a model of subarachnoid hemorrhage, suggesting that AQP4 may be required for the clearance of water collected in intercellular space. In contrast, cytotoxic cerebral edema may be initiated by ischemia which may result in reduced plasma osmolality rather than a disrupted BBB. Ischemia may lead to a drop in ATP levels, which is thought to slow the Na—K ATPase pump resulting in an uptake of Na⁺ and Cl⁻ through leakage pathways. The net effect may be a cellular osmotic imbalance, drawing H₂O into cells—astrocytes more so than neurons—and leading to increased ICP. Mouse models for ischemic stroke, water toxicity, bacterial meningitis, and spinal-cord compression fall into this category. In these models, AQP4-null mice have been reported to have reduced CE pointing to AQP4 as the central pathway for water movement into the brain during the formation of cytotoxic CE. However, cytotoxic and vasogenic edema are not sharply divided categories; an injury that initially causes cytotoxic edema may be followed later, e.g., within the next hours to days, by vasogenic edema. This may suggest different treatments for cerebral edema at different times.

AQP4 inhibitors may be of further utility for certain ailments where control of AQP4-medited water movement may augment neuroexcitation (by alteration of neuronal potassium homeostasis) and prove beneficial by reducing neuronal excitation, for example ailments such as fibromyalgia, multiple sclerosis, migraines and seizures (in particular but not limited to seizures associated with epilepsy).

Glioblastoma is a common and aggressive malignant primary brain tumor. Inhibition of AQP4 in U87 human gliobastoma cell lines induces apoptosis.

Aquaporin-2 (AQP2) is the primary route of water movement at the collecting duct in the kidney. Blocking this water channel would lower water reabsorption without incurring electrolyte imbalances or interfering with vasopressin receptor-mediated signaling. Evidence that an AQP2 blocker would not produce electrolyte imbalances, and instead be an effective treatment for hyponatremia, comes from patients with diabetes insipidus who lack functional AQP2. They exhibit chronic aquaresis but—if normal hydration is maintained—do not demonstrate any other consequence of their long-term loss of AQP2 function.

Certain aquaporin inhibitors are described in International Patent Application No. PCT/US2013/040194, which is incorporated herein by reference in entirety.

In stroke or other severely debilitating diseases or conditions, for example where the patient may be unconscious or unable to swallow, an IV infusion or IV bolus may be preferred. In addition, when a patient has suffered a stroke, or traumatic brain or spinal cord injury, rapid achievement of therapeutically effective amounts of therapeutic agent may be important to a successful therapeutic outcome. However, a therapeutic agent with only a limited solubility in water and/or physiological media, may make IV administration of the therapeutic agent challenging.

Accordingly, in one embodiment, provided are novel prodrug salts of selective aquaporin inhibitors which may have improved solubility in aqueous and/or physiological media, e.g., novel prodrug salts of N-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzamide which may have improved solubility in aqueous and/or physiological media.

A prodrug form is a derivative of an active ingredient which converts in the body to the active ingredient, e.g., a prodrug of N-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzamide is a derivative of N-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzamide which converts in the body to N-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzamide.

As used herein, “alkyl” is a saturated hydrocarbon moiety, preferably having one to six carbon atoms, preferably having one to four carbon atoms, which may be linear or branched. A “C₁₋₄-alkyl” is an alkyl having one to four carbon atoms.

As used herein “alkylene” is a saturated hydrocarbon moiety, preferably having one to six carbon atoms, preferably having one to four carbon atoms, which may be linear or branched and which has two points of attachment. A C₁₋₄-alkylene is an alkylene having from one to four carbon atoms. For example, C₁-alkylene is methylene (—CH₂—).

As used herein, “halogen” is F, Cl, Br, or I.

As used herein, “haloalkyl” is a saturated hydrocarbon moiety, preferably having one to six carbon atoms, preferably having one to four carbon atoms, which may be linear or branched, and is mono-, di-, or tri-substituted with halogen. For di- or tri-substituted haloalkyl, the halogens may be the same (e.g., dichloromethyl) or different (e.g., chlorofluoromethyl). A C₁₋₄-haloalkyl is a haloalkyl having from one to four carbon atoms.

As used herein, “aryl” is a mono or polycyclic (e.g., bicyclic) aromatic hydrocarbon, preferably phenyl, which may be optionally substituted, e.g., optionally substituted with one or more groups independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl), halogen (e.g., Cl or F), C₁₋₆-haloalkyl (e.g., trifluoromethyl), hydroxy, and carboxy. In some embodiments, aryl, in addition to being substituted with the groups disclosed herein, is further substituted with an aryl or a heteroaryl to form, e.g., biphenyl or pyridylphenyl.

As used herein, “heteroaryl” is an mono or polycyclic (e.g., bicyclic) aromatic moiety wherein one or more of the atoms making up the aromatic ring is sulfur or nitrogen rather than carbon, e.g., pyridyl or thiadiazolyl, which may be optionally substituted, e.g., optionally substituted with one or more groups independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl), halogen (e.g., Cl or F), C₁₋₆-haloalkyl (e.g., trifluoromethyl), hydroxy, and carboxy.

As used herein, “hydroxy” is —OH.

As used herein, “carboxy” is —COOH.

As used herein, “patient” includes human or non-human (i.e., animal) patient. In a particular embodiment, the term encompasses both human and nonhuman. In another embodiment, the term encompasses nonhuman. In another embodiment, the term encompasses human.

As used herein, “therapeutically effective amount” refers to an amount effective, when administered to a human or non-human patient, to provide a therapeutic benefit such as amelioration of symptoms, slowing of disease progression, or prevention of disease. The specific dose of substance administered to obtain a therapeutic benefit will, of course, be determined by the particular circumstances surrounding the case, including, for example, the specific substance administered, the route of administration, the condition being treated, and the individual being treated.

As used herein, “fairly rapid” with respect to onset of action means that the time it takes after a compound is administered for a response to be observed is 30 minutes or less, for example 20 minutes or less, for example 15 minutes or less, for example 10 minutes or less, for example 5 minutes or less, for example 1 minute or less.

As used herein, “sodium phosphate” refers to sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH₂PO₄), disodium hydrogen phosphate (Na₂HPO₄), and trisodium phosphate (Na₃PO₄).

As used herein, “potassium phosphate” refers to potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH₂PO₄), dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (K₂HPO₄), and tripotassium phosphate (K₃PO₄).

As used here, “bolus” refers to administration of a therapeutic agent in a single injection that lasts for a relatively short period of time, e.g., about 5 minutes or less, e.g., about 3 minutes or less. A bolus may rapidly deliver a therapeutically effective amount of the therapeutic agent to the blood.

In one embodiment, provided is a compound of Formula I

wherein: R¹, R², R³, R⁴, and R⁵ are independently H, halogen (e.g., Cl or Br), C₁₋₄-alkyl, C₁₋₄-haloalkyl (e.g., —CF₃), or cyano; one of R⁶ and R⁷ is OH and the other is O⁻Q⁺ or both of R⁶ and R⁷ are O⁻ Q⁺; each Q⁺ is independently Na⁺, K⁺, HOR⁸NH₃ ⁺, (HOR⁸)₂NH₂ ⁺, or (HOR⁸)₃NH⁺, e.g., K⁺, HOR⁸NH₃ ⁺, (HOR⁸)₂NH₂ ⁺, or (HOR⁸)₃NH⁺, e.g., HOR⁸NH₃ ⁺, (HOR⁸)₂NH₂ ⁺, or (HOR⁸)₃NH⁺; and each R⁸ is independently C₁₋₄-alkylene (e.g., —CH₂—CH₂—).

Further provided is a compound of Formula I as follows:

-   -   1.1 Formula I wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁴, and R⁵ are independently         H, halogen (e.g., Cl or Br), C₁₋₄-haloalkyl (e.g., —CF₃), or         cyano.     -   1.2 Formula I or 1.1 wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁴, and R⁵ are         independently H, halogen (e.g., Cl or Br), or C₁₋₄-haloalkyl         (e.g., —CF₃).     -   1.3 Formula I, 1.1, or 1.2 wherein R¹, R³, and R⁵ are         independently halogen (e.g., Cl or Br) or C₁₋₄-haloalkyl (e.g.,         —CF₃) and R² and R⁴ are H.     -   1.4 Formula I or 1.1-1.3 wherein R¹, R³, and R⁵ are         independently halogen (e.g., Cl or Br) and R² and R⁴ are H.     -   1.5 Formula I or 1.1-1.4 wherein R¹, R³, and R⁵ are Cl and R²         and R⁴ are H.     -   1.6 Formula I or 1.1-1.3 wherein R¹, R³, and R⁵ are         independently C₁₋₄-haloalkyl (e.g., —CF₃) and R² and R⁴ are H.     -   1.7 Formula 1.6 wherein R¹, R³, and R⁵ are —CF₃.     -   1.8 Formula I or 1.1-1.3 wherein R¹, R³, and R⁵ are         independently F, Cl, Br, or —CF₃ and R² and R⁴ are H.     -   1.9 Formula I or 1.1-1.3 wherein R¹ is halogen (e.g., Cl or Br),         R² and R⁴ are H, and R³ and R⁵ are independently C₁₋₄-haloalkyl         (e.g., —CF₃).     -   1.10 Formula 1.8 or 1.9 wherein R¹ is Cl or Br and R³ and R⁵ are         —CF₃.     -   1.11 Formula 1.10 wherein R¹ is Cl.     -   1.12 Formula 1.10 wherein R¹ is Br.     -   1.13 Formula I or 1.1 wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁴, and R⁵ are         independently H, halogen (e.g., Cl or Br), or cyano.     -   1.14 Formula 1.13 wherein R¹ and R² are independently halogen         (e.g., Cl or Br), R³ and R⁵ are H, and R⁴ is cyano.     -   1.15 Formula 1.14 wherein R¹ and R² are Cl.     -   1.16 Formula I or 1.1-1.15 wherein R⁶ is OH and R⁷ is O⁻Q⁺.     -   1.17 Formula I or 1.1-1.15 wherein both R⁶ and R⁷ are O⁻Q⁺.     -   1.18 Formula I or 1.1-1.17 wherein each Q⁺ is independently         HOR⁸NH₃ ⁺, (HOR⁸)₂NH₂ ⁺, or (HOR⁸)₃NH⁺.     -   1.19 Formula I or 1.1-1.17 wherein each Q⁺ is independently         HOR⁸NH₃ ⁺.     -   1.20 Formula I or 1.1-1.17 wherein each Q⁺ is independently         (HOR⁸)₂NH₂ ⁺.     -   1.21 Formula I or 1.1-1.17 wherein each Q⁺ is independently         (HOR⁸)₃NH⁺.     -   1.22 Formula I or 1.1-1.21 wherein each R⁸ is —CH₂—CH₂—.     -   1.23 Formula I or 1.1-1.17 wherein each Q⁺ is Na⁺.     -   1.24 Formula I or 1.1-1.17 wherein each Q⁺ is K⁺.     -   1.25 Formula I wherein R¹ is halogen (e.g., Cl or Br), R² and R⁴         are H, R³ and R⁵ are independently C₁₋₄-haloalkyl (e.g., —CF₃),         R⁶ is OH, and R⁷ is O⁻Q⁺.     -   1.26 Formula 1.25 wherein R¹ is Cl or Br and R³ and R⁵ are —CF₃.     -   1.27 Formula 1.26 wherein R¹ is Cl.     -   1.28 Formula 1.25-1.27 wherein Q⁺ is HOR⁸NH₃ ⁺.     -   1.29 Formula 1.28 wherein R⁸ is —CH₂—CH₂—.     -   1.30 Formula 1.25-1.27 wherein Q⁺ is (HOR⁸)₂NH₂ ⁺.     -   1.31 Formula 1.30 wherein R⁸ is —CH₂—CH₂—.     -   1.32 Formula 1.25-1.27 wherein Q⁺ is (HOR⁸)₃NH⁺.     -   1.33 Formula 1.32 wherein R⁸ is —CH₂—CH₂—.     -   1.34 Formula 1.25-1.27 wherein Q⁺ is K⁺.     -   1.35 Formula I wherein R¹ is halogen (e.g., Cl or Br), R² and R⁴         are H, R³ and R⁵ are independently C₁₋₄-haloalkyl (e.g., —CF₃),         and both R⁶ and R⁷ are O⁻QH⁺.     -   1.36 Formula 1.35 wherein R¹ is Cl or Br and R³ and R⁵ are —CF₃.     -   1.37 Formula 1.36 wherein R¹ is Cl.     -   1.38 Formula 1.35-1.37 wherein each Q⁺ is HOR⁸NH₃.     -   1.39 Formula 1.38 wherein each R⁸ is —CH₂—CH₂—.     -   1.40 Formula 1.35-1.37 wherein each Q⁺ is (HOR⁸)₂NH₂ ⁺.     -   1.41 Formula 1.40 wherein each R⁸ is —CH₂—CH₂—.     -   1.42 Formula 1.35-1.37 wherein each Q⁺ is (HOR⁸)₃NH⁺.     -   1.43 Formula 1.42 wherein each R⁸ is —CH₂—CH₂—.     -   1.44 Formula 1.35-1.37 wherein each Q⁺ is K⁺.     -   1.45 Formula I wherein the compound is:

-   -   1.46 Formula I wherein the compound is:

-   -   1.47 Formula I wherein the compound is:

-   -   1.48 Formula I wherein the compound is:

-   -   1.49 Formula I wherein the compound is:

-   -   1.50 Formula I wherein the compound is

-   -   1.51 Formula I wherein the compound is

-   -   1.52 Formula I wherein the compound is

In another embodiment, provided is a compound of Formula I which is a compound of Formula II

wherein: one of R⁶ and R⁷ is OH and the other is O⁻Q⁺ or both of R⁶ and R⁷ are O⁻Q⁺; each Q⁺ is independently K⁺, HOR⁸NH₃ ⁺, (HOR⁸)₂NH₂ ⁺, or (HOR⁸)₃NH⁺, e.g., HOR⁸NH₃ ⁺, (HOR⁸)₂NH₂ ⁺, or (HOR⁸)₃NH⁺; and each R⁸ is independently C₁₋₄-alkylene (e.g., —CH₂—CH₂—).

Further provided is a compound of Formula Ia as follows:

-   -   2.1 Formula II wherein R⁶ is OH and R⁷ is O⁻Q⁺.     -   2.2 Formula II or 2.1 wherein Q⁺ is HOR⁸NH₃, (HOR⁸)₂NH₂ ⁺, or         (HOR⁸)₃NH⁺     -   2.3 Formula II, 2.1, or 2.2 wherein Q⁺ is HOR⁸NH₃ ⁺     -   2.4 Formula 2.3 wherein R⁸ is —CH₂—CH₂—.     -   2.5 Formula II, 2.1, or 2.2 wherein Q⁺ is (HOR⁸)₂NH₂ ⁺.     -   2.6 Formula 2.5 wherein each R⁸ is —CH₂—CH₂—.     -   2.7 Formula II, 2.1, or 2.2 wherein Q⁺ is (HOR⁸)₃NH⁺.     -   2.8 Formula 2.7 wherein each R⁸ is —CH₂—CH₂—.     -   2.9 Formula II or 2.1 wherein Q⁺ is K⁺.     -   2.10 Formula II wherein both R⁶ and R⁷ are O⁻Q⁺.     -   2.11 Formula II or 2.10 wherein each Q⁺ is independently HOR⁸NH₃         ⁺, (HOR⁸)₂NH₂, or (HOR⁸)₃NH⁺.     -   2.12 Formula II, 2.10, or 2.11 wherein each Q⁺ is independently         HOR⁸NH₃ ⁺.     -   2.13 Formula 2.12 wherein each R⁸ is —CH₂—CH₂—.     -   2.14 Formula II, 2.10, or 2.11 wherein each Q⁺ is independently         (HOR⁸)₂NH₂ ⁺.     -   2.15 Formula 2.14 wherein each R⁸ is —CH₂—CH₂—.     -   2.16 Formula II, 2.10, or 2.11 wherein each Q⁺ is independently         (HOR⁸)₃NH⁺.     -   2.17 Formula 2.16 wherein each R⁸ is —CH₂—CH₂—.     -   2.18 Formula II or 2.10 wherein each Q⁺ is K⁺.     -   2.19 Formula II wherein the compound is:

-   -   2.20 Formula II wherein the compound is:

-   -   2.21 Formula II wherein the compound is:

-   -   2.22 Formula II wherein the compound is:

-   -   2.23 Formula II wherein the compound is:

-   -   2.24 Formula II wherein the compound is

-   -   2.25 Formula II wherein the compound is

-   -   2.26 Formula II wherein the compound is

In yet another embodiment, provided is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula I, e.g., a compound of 1.1-1.52, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

In yet another embodiment, provided is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula II, e.g., a compound of 2.1-2.26, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

In yet another embodiment, provided is a method (Method A) of treating or controlling a disease or condition mediated by an aquaporin comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I, e.g., a compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., a compound of Formula II, e.g., a compound of 2.1-2.26.

Further provided is Method A as follows:

-   -   A.1 Method A wherein the aquaporin is AQP4.     -   A.2 Method A or A.1 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is edema, e.g. edema of the brain or spinal cord,         e.g., cerebral edema, e.g. cerebral edema consequent to head         trauma, ischemic stroke, glioma, meningitis, acute mountain         sickness, epileptic seizure, infection, metabolic disorder,         water intoxication, hepatic failure, hepatic encephalopathy, or         diabetic ketoacidosis or, e.g., spinal cord edema, e.g., spinal         cord edema consequent to spinal cord trauma, e.g., spinal cord         compression.     -   A.3 Method A, A.1, or A.2 further comprising a treatment         selected from one or more of the following: optimal head and         neck positioning to facilitate venous outflow, e.g. head         elevation 30°; avoidance of dehydration; systemic hypotension;         maintenance of normothermia or hypothermia; aggressive measures;         osmotherapy, e.g., using mannitol or hypertonic saline;         hyperventilation; therapeutic pressor therapy to enhance         cerebral perfusion; administration of barbiturates to reduce         cerebral metabolism (CMO₂); hemicraniectomy; administration of         aspirin; administration of amantadine; intravenous thrombolysis         (e.g. using rtPA); mechanical clot removal; angioplasty; and/or         stents.     -   A.4 Method A.2 wherein the patient is at elevated risk of         cerebral edema, e.g., due to head trauma, ischemic stroke,         glioma, meningitis, acute mountain sickness, epileptic seizure,         infection, metabolic disorder, water intoxication, hepatic         failure, hepatic encephalopathy, or diabetic ketoacidosis.     -   A.5 Method A.2 wherein the patient has suffered a stroke, head         injury, or spinal injury.     -   A.6 Method A.5 wherein the patient has suffered a stroke, head         injury or spinal injury within 12 hours, e.g. within 6 hours,         preferably within 3 hours of commencing treatment.     -   A.7 Method A.2 wherein the patient is at elevated risk of         suffering a stroke, head injury or spinal injury, e.g., in         combat or in an athletic competition.     -   A.8 Method A or A.1-A.7 wherein the patient already has cerebral         edema.     -   A.9 Method A or A.1-A.8 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is cerebral edema consequent to a stroke or a         traumatic brain injury.     -   A. 10 Method A or A.1-A.9 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is cerebral edema consequent to a middle cerebral         artery stroke.     -   A. 11 Method A or A.1-A.9 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is cerebral edema consequent to closed head trauma.     -   A. 12 Method A or A.1-A.4 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is cerebral edema consequent to an epileptic seizure.     -   A. 13 Method A or A.1-A.4 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is cerebral edema consequent to an infection.     -   A. 14 Method A or A.1-A.4 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is cerebral edema consequent to a metabolic disorder.     -   A. 15 Method A or A.1-A.4 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is cerebral edema consequent to glioma.     -   A. 16 Method A or A.1-A.4 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is cerebral edema consequent to meningitis.     -   A. 17 Method A or A.1-A.4 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is cerebral edema consequent to acute mountain         sickness.     -   A. 18 Method A or A.1-A.4 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is cerebral edema consequent to water intoxication.     -   A. 19 Method A or A.1-A.4 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is cerebral edema consequent to hepatic failure,         hepatic encephalopathy, or diabetic ketoacidosis.     -   A.20 Method A or A.1-A.3 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is cerebral edema consequent to an abscess.     -   A.21 Method A or A.1-A.3 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is cerebral edema consequent to eclampsia.     -   A.22 Method A or A.1-A.3 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is cerebral edema consequent to Creutzfeldt-Jakob         disease.     -   A.23 Method A or A.1-A.3 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is cerebral edema consequent to lupus cerebritis.     -   A.24 Method A or A.1-A.3 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is edema consequent to hypoxia, e.g., general         systemic hypoxia, e.g., hypoxia caused by an interruption of         blood perfusion, for example wherein the edema is cerebral edema         consequent to hypoxia caused by cardiac arrest, stroke, or other         interruption of blood perfusion to the brain, or wherein the         edema is cardiac edema consequent to cardiac ischemia or other         interruption of blood flow to the heart.     -   A.25 Method A or A.1-A.3 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is cerebral edema consequent to microgravity and/or         radiation exposure, e.g., exposure from space flight or from         working with radioactive materials or from working in         radioactive areas.     -   A.26 Method A or A.1-A.3 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is cerebral edema consequent to an invasive central         nervous system procedure, e.g., neurosurgery, endovascular clot         removal, spinal tap, aneurysm repair, or deep brain stimulation.     -   A.27 Method A.25 or A.26 wherein the patient is at elevated risk         of edema, e.g., due to microgravity and/or radiation exposure,         neurosurgery, endovascular clot removal, spinal tap, aneurysm         repair, or deep brain stimulation.     -   A.28 Method A.25 or A.26 wherein the patient already has edema.     -   A.29 Method A or A.1-A.28 wherein the edema is cytotoxic         cerebral edema or is primarily cytotoxic cerebral edema.     -   A.30 Method A, A.1-A.19, or A.24 wherein the edema is cytotoxic         cerebral edema or is primarily cytotoxic cerebral edema.     -   A.31 Method A, A.1, or A.2 wherein the condition to be treated         or controlled is spinal cord edema, e.g., spinal cord edema         consequent to a spinal cord trauma, e.g., spinal cord         compression.     -   A.32 Method A.31 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is spinal cord edema consequent to spinal cord         compression.     -   A.33 Method A, A.1, or A.2 wherein the condition to be treated         or controlled is optic nerve edema, e.g., optic nerve edema         consequent to microgravity and/or radiation exposure, e.g.,         exposure from space flight or from working with radioactive         materials or from working in radioactive areas.     -   A.34 Method A, A.1, or A.2 wherein the condition to be treated         or controlled is retinal edema.     -   A.35 Method A, A.1, or A.2 wherein the condition to be treated         or controlled is pulmonary edema.     -   A.36 Method A or A.1 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is epilepsy.     -   A.37 Method A or A.1 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is retinal ischemia or other diseases of the eye         associated with abnormalities in intraocular pressure and/or         tissue hydration.     -   A.38 Method A or A.1 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is myocardial ischemia.     -   A.39 Method A or A.1, wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury.     -   A.40 Method A or A.1 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is myocardial infarction.     -   A.41 Method A or A.1 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is myocardial hypoxia.     -   A.42 Method A or A.1 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is congestive heart failure.     -   A.43 Method A or A.1 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is sepsis.     -   A.44 Method A or A.1 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is a migraine.     -   A.45 Method A or A.1 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is neuromyelitis optica.     -   A.46 Method A or A.1 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is glioblastoma.     -   A.47 Method A or A.1 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is fibromyalgia.     -   A.48 Method A or A.1 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is multiple sclerosis.     -   A.49 Method A wherein the aquaporin is AQP2.     -   A.50 Method A or A.49 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is hyponatremia or excessive fluid retention, e.g.,         consequent to heart failure (HF), for example congestive heart         failure, liver cirrhosis, nephrotic disorder, syndrome of         inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH), or         infertility treatment.     -   A.51 Method A, A.49, or A.50 wherein the condition to be treated         or controlled is ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome.     -   A.52 Method A, A.49, or A.51 further comprising one or more of         restriction of dietary sodium, fluid and/or alcohol; and/or         administration of one or more diuretics, vasopressin receptor         antagonists, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors,         aldosterone inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs),         beta-adrenergic antagonists (beta-blockers), and/or digoxin.     -   A.53 Method A or A.1-A.52 wherein the compound of Formula I,         e.g., the compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of         Formula II, e.g., the compound of 2.1-2.26, is administered         orally.     -   A.54 Method A or A.1-A.52 wherein the compound of Formula I,         e.g., the compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of         Formula II, e.g., the compound of 2.1-2.26, is administered         parenterally.     -   A.55 Method A.54 wherein the compound of Formula I, e.g., the         compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of Formula II,         e.g., the compound of 2.1-2.26, is administered by injection,         e.g., subcutaneously, intramuscularly, intravenously, or         intrathecally, e.g., a bolus injected subcutaneously,         intramuscularly, intravenously, or intrathecally.     -   A.56 Method A.55 wherein the compound of Formula I, e.g., the         compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of Formula II,         e.g., the compound of 2.1-2.26, is administered intravenously,         e.g., IV bolus and/or IV infusion, e.g., IV bolus followed by IV         infusion.     -   A.57 Method A or A.1-A.56 wherein the patient is human.     -   A.58 Method A or A.1-A.57 wherein the onset of action after         administration of the compound of Formula I, e.g., the compound         of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of Formula II, e.g., the         compound of 2.1-2.26, is fairly rapid.

In yet another embodiment, provided is a method (Method B) of treating or controlling edema, e.g. edema of the brain or spinal cord, e.g., cerebral edema, e.g. cerebral edema consequent to head trauma, ischemic stroke, glioma, meningitis, acute mountain sickness, epileptic seizure, infection, metabolic disorder, hypoxia, water intoxication, hepatic failure, hepatic encephalopathy, diabetic ketoacidosis, abscess, eclampsia, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, lupus cerebritis, cardiac arrest, microgravity and/or radiation exposure, or invasive central nervous system procedures, e.g., neurosurgery, endovascular clot removal, spinal tap, aneurysm repair, or deep brain stimulation or, e.g., optic nerve edema, e.g., optic nerve edema consequent to microgravity and/or radiation exposure or, e.g., retinal edema or, e.g., spinal cord edema, e.g., spinal cord edema consequent to spinal cord trauma, e.g., spinal cord compression, or, e.g., pulmonary edema, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a prodrug salt of an inhibitor of AQP4, e.g., a compound of Formula I, e.g., a compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., a compound of Formula II, e.g., a compound of 2.1-2.26, to a patient in need thereof.

Further provided is Method B as follows:

-   -   B.1 Method B further comprising a treatment selected from one or         more of the following: optimal head and neck positioning to         facilitate venous outflow, e.g. head elevation 30°; avoidance of         dehydration; systemic hypotension; maintenance of normothermia         or hypothermia; aggressive measures; osmotherapy, e.g., using         mannitol or hypertonic saline; hyperventilation; therapeutic         pressor therapy to enhance cerebral perfusion; administration of         barbiturates to reduce cerebral metabolism (CMO₂);         hemicraniectomy; administration of aspirin; administration of         amantadine; intravenous thrombolysis (e.g. using rtPA);         mechanical clot removal; angioplasty; and/or stents.     -   B.2 Method B wherein the patient is at elevated risk of cerebral         edema, e.g., due to head trauma, ischemic stroke, glioma,         meningitis, acute mountain sickness, epileptic seizure,         infection, metabolic disorder, water intoxication, hepatic         failure, hepatic encephalopathy, or diabetic ketoacidosis.     -   B.3 Method B wherein the patient has suffered a stroke, head         injury, or spinal injury.     -   B.4 Method B.3 wherein the patient has suffered a stroke, head         injury or spinal injury within 12 hours, e.g. within 6 hours,         preferably within 3 hours of commencing treatment.     -   B.5 Method B wherein the patient is at elevated risk of         suffering a stroke, head injury or spinal injury, e.g., in         combat or in an athletic competition.     -   B.6 Method B or B.1-B.5 wherein the patient already has cerebral         edema.     -   B.7 Method B or B.1-B.6 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is cerebral edema consequent to a stroke or a         traumatic brain injury.     -   B.8 Method B or B.1-B.7 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is cerebral edema consequent to a middle cerebral         artery stroke.     -   B.9 Method B or B.1-B.7 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is cerebral edema consequent to a closed head trauma.     -   B.10 Method B, B.1, or B.2 wherein the condition to be treated         or controlled is cerebral edema consequent to an epileptic         seizure.     -   B.11 Method B, B.1, or B.2 wherein the condition to be treated         or controlled is cerebral edema consequent to an infection.     -   B.12 Method B, B.1, or B.2 wherein the condition to be treated         or controlled is cerebral edema consequent to a metabolic         disorder.     -   B.13 Method B, B.1, or B.2 wherein the condition to be treated         or controlled is cerebral edema consequent to glioma.     -   B. 14 Method B, B.1, or B.2 wherein the condition to be treated         or controlled is cerebral edema consequent to meningitis.     -   B.15 Method B, B.1, or B.2 wherein the condition to be treated         or controlled is cerebral edema consequent to acute mountain         sickness.     -   B.16 Method B, B.1, or B.2 wherein the condition to be treated         or controlled is cerebral edema consequent to water         intoxication.     -   B.17 Method B, B.1, or B.2 wherein the condition to be treated         or controlled is cerebral edema consequent to hepatic failure,         hepatic encephalopathy, or diabetic ketoacidosis.     -   B. 18 Method B or B.1 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is cerebral edema consequent to an abscess.     -   B.19 Method B or B.1 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is cerebral edema consequent to eclampsia.     -   B.20 Method B or B.1 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is cerebral edema consequent to Creutzfeldt-Jakob         disease.     -   B.21 Method B or B.1 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is cerebral edema consequent to lupus cerebritis.     -   B.22 Method B or B.1 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is edema consequent to hypoxia, e.g., general         systemic hypoxia, e.g., hypoxia caused by an interruption of         blood perfusion, for example wherein the edema is cerebral edema         consequent to hypoxia caused by cardiac arrest, stroke, or other         interruption of blood perfusion to the brain, or wherein the         edema is cardiac edema consequent to cardiac ischemia or other         interruption of blood flow to the heart.     -   B.23 Method B or B.1 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is cerebral consequent to microgravity exposure,         e.g., exposure from space flight or from working with         radioactive materials or from working in radioactive areas.     -   B.24 Method B or B.1 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is cerebral edema consequent to invasive central         nervous system procedures, e.g., neurosurgery, endovascular clot         removal, spinal tap, aneurysm repair, or deep brain stimulation.     -   B.25 Method B.23 or B.24 wherein the patient is at elevated risk         of edema, e.g., due to microgravity and/or radiation exposure,         neurosurgery, endovascular clot removal, spinal tap, aneurysm         repair, or deep brain stimulation.     -   B.26 Method B.23 or B.24 wherein the patient already has edema.     -   B.27 Method B or B.1-B.26 wherein the edema is cytotoxic         cerebral edema or is primarily cytotoxic cerebral edema.     -   B.28 Method B, B.1-B.17, or B.22 wherein the edema is cytotoxic         cerebral edema or is primarily cytotoxic cerebral edema.     -   B.29 Method B wherein the condition to be treated or controlled         is spinal cord edema, e.g., spinal cord edema consequent to         spinal cord trauma, e.g., spinal cord compression.     -   B.30 Method B.29 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is spinal cord edema consequent to spinal cord         compression.     -   B.31 Method B wherein the condition to be treated or controlled         is optic nerve edema, e.g., optic nerve edema consequent to         microgravity and/or radiation exposure, e.g., exposure from         space flight or from working with radioactive materials or from         working in radioactive areas.     -   B.32 Method B wherein the condition to be treated or controlled         is retinal edema.     -   B.33 Method B wherein the condition to be treated or controlled         is pulmonary edema.     -   B.34 Method B or B.1-B.33 wherein the duration of treatment with         the prodrug salt of an AQP4 inhibitor, e.g., a compound of         Formula I, e.g., a compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., a compound of         Formula II, e.g., a compound of 2.1-2.26, is less than 21 days,         e.g., less than 2 weeks, e.g., one week or less.     -   B.35 Method B or B.1-B.34 wherein the prodrug salt of an AQP4         inhibitor, e.g., the compound of Formula I, e.g., the compound         of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of Formula II, e.g., the         compound of 2.1-2.26, is administered orally.     -   B.36 Method B or B.1-B.34 wherein the prodrug salt of an AQP4         inhibitor, e.g., the compound of Formula I, e.g., the compound         of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of Formula II, e.g., the         compound of 2.1-2.26, is administered parenterally.     -   B.37 Method B.36 wherein the prodrug salt of an AQP4 inhibitor,         e.g., the compound of Formula I, e.g., the compound of 1.1-1.52,         or, e.g., the compound of Formula II, e.g., the compound of         2.1-2.26, is administered by injection, e.g., subcutaneously,         intramuscularly, intravenously, or intrathecally, e.g., a bolus         administered subcutaneously, intramuscularly, intravenously, or         intrathecally.     -   B.38 Method B.37 wherein the prodrug salt of an AQP4 inhibitor,         e.g., the compound of Formula I, e.g., the compound of 1.1-1.52,         or, e.g., the compound of Formula II, e.g., the compound of         2.1-2.26, is administered intravenously, e.g., IV bolus and/or         IV infusion, e.g., IV bolus followed by IV infusion.     -   B.39 Method B or B.1-B.38 wherein the patient is human.     -   B.40 Method B or B.1-B.39 wherein the onset of action after         administration of the prodrug salt of an AQP4 inhibitor, e.g.,         the compound of Formula I, e.g., the compound of 1.1-1.52, or,         e.g., the compound of Formula II, e.g., the compound of         2.1-2.26, is fairly rapid.     -   B.41 Method B or B.1-B.40 wherein the AQP4 inhibitor binds to         AQP4.

In yet another embodiment, provided is a method (Method C) of treating or controlling a condition selected from hyponatremia and excessive fluid retention, e.g., consequent to heart failure (HF), for example congestive heart failure, liver cirrhosis, nephrotic disorder, syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH), or infertility treatment, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a prodrug salt of an inhibitor of AQP2, e.g., a compound of Formula I, e.g., a compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., a compound of Formula II, e.g., a compound of 2.1-2.26, to a patient in need thereof.

Further provided is Method C as follows:

-   -   C.1 Method C further comprising one or more of restriction of         dietary sodium, fluid and/or alcohol; and/or administration of         one or more diuretics, vasopressin receptor antagonists,         angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, aldosterone         inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs),         beta-adrenergic antagonists (beta-blockers), and/or digoxin.     -   C.2 Method C or C.1 wherein the prodrug salt of an AQP2         inhibitor, the compound of Formula I, e.g., the compound of         1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of Formula II, e.g., the         compound of 2.1-2.26, is administered orally.     -   C.3 Method C or C.1 wherein the prodrug salt of an AQP2         inhibitor, e.g., the compound of Formula I, e.g., the compound         of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of Formula II, e.g., the         compound of 2.1-2.26, is administered parenterally.     -   C.4 Method C.3 wherein the prodrug salt of an AQP2 inhibitor,         e.g., the compound of Formula I, e.g., the compound of 1.1-1.52,         or, e.g., the compound of Formula II, e.g., the compound of         2.1-2.26, is administered by injection, e.g., subcutaneously,         intramuscularly, intravenously, or intrathecally, e.g., a bolus         injected subcutaneously, intramuscularly, intravenously, or         intrathecally.     -   C.5 Method C.4 wherein the prodrug salt of an AQP2 inhibitor,         e.g., the compound of Formula I, e.g., the compound of 1.1-1.52,         or, e.g., the compound of Formula II, e.g., the compound of         2.1-2.26, is administered intravenously, e.g., IV bolus and/or         IV infusion, e.g., IV bolus followed by IV infusion.     -   C.6 Method C or C.1-C.5 wherein the patient is human.     -   C.7 Method C or C.1-C.6 wherein the onset of action after         administration of the prodrug salt of an AQP2 inhibitor, e.g.,         the compound of Formula I, e.g., the compound of 1.1-1.52, or,         e.g., the compound of Formula II, e.g., the compound of         2.1-2.26, is fairly rapid.     -   C.8 Method C or C.1-C.7 wherein the AQP2 inhibitor binds to         AQP2.

In yet another embodiment, provided is a method (Method D) of treating or controlling a condition selected from epilepsy, retinal ischemia or other diseases of the eye associated with abnormalities in intraocular pressure and/or tissue hydration, myocardial ischemia, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, myocardial infarction, myocardial hypoxia, congestive heart failure, sepsis, neuromyelitis optica, glioblastoma, fibromyalgia, multiple sclerosis, and a migraine comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a prodrug salt of an inhibitor of AQP4, e.g., a compound of Formula I, e.g., a compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., a compound of Formula II, e.g., the compound of 2.1-2.26, to a patient in need thereof.

Further provided is Method D as follows:

-   -   D.1 Method D wherein the condition to be treated or controlled         is retinal ischemia or other diseases of the eye associated with         abnormalities in intraocular pressure and/or tissue hydration.     -   D.2 Method D wherein the condition to be treated or controlled         is myocardial ischemia.     -   D.3 Method D wherein the condition to be treated or controlled         is myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury.     -   D.4 Method D wherein the condition to be treated or controlled         is myocardial infarction.     -   D.5 Method D wherein the condition to be treated or controlled         is myocardial hypoxia.     -   D.6 Method D wherein the condition to be treated or controlled         is congestive heart failure.     -   D.7 Method D wherein the condition to be treated or controlled         is sepsis. D.8 Method D wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is neuromyelitis optica.     -   D.9 Method D wherein the condition to be treated or controlled         is glioblastoma.     -   D.10 Method D wherein the condition to be treated or controlled         is fibromyalgia.     -   D.11 Method D wherein the condition to be treated or controlled         is multiple sclerosis.     -   D. 12 Method D wherein the condition to be treated or controlled         is a migraine.     -   D.13 Method D or D.1-D.12 wherein the prodrug salt of an AQP4         inhibitor, e.g., the compound of Formula I, e.g., the compound         of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of Formula II, e.g., the         compound of 2.1-2.26, is administered orally.     -   D.14 Method D or D.1-D.12 wherein the prodrug salt of an AQP4         inhibitor, e.g., the compound of Formula I, e.g., the compound         of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of Formula II, e.g., the         compound of 2.1-2.26, is administered parenterally.     -   D.15 Method D.14 wherein the prodrug salt of an AQP4 inhibitor,         e.g., the compound of Formula I, e.g., the compound of 1.1-1.52,         or, e.g., the compound of Formula II, e.g., the compound of         2.1-2.26, is administered by injection, e.g., subcutaneously,         intramuscularly, intravenously, or intrathecally, e.g., a bolus         injected subcutaneously, intramuscularly, intravenously, or         intrathecally.     -   D.16 Method D.15 wherein the prodrug salt of an AQP4 inhibitor,         e.g., the compound of Formula I, e.g., the compound of 1.1-1.52,         or, e.g., the compound of Formula II, e.g., the compound of         2.1-2.26, is administered intravenously, e.g., IV bolus and/or         IV infusion, e.g., IV bolus followed by IV infusion.     -   D.17 Method D or D.1-D.16 wherein the patient is human.     -   D.18 Method D or D.1-D.17 wherein the onset of action after         administration of the prodrug salt of an AQP4 inhibitor, e.g.,         the compound of Formula I, e.g., the compound of 1.1-1.52, or,         e.g., the compound of Formula II, e.g., the compound of         2.1-2.26, is fairly rapid.     -   D.19 Method D or D.1-D.18 wherein the AQP4 inhibitor binds to         AQP4.

In yet another embodiment, provided is a method (Method E) of treating or controlling a disease or condition mediated by an aquaporin comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a prodrug salt of the aquaporin inhibitor, e.g., a compound of Formula I, e.g., a compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., a compound of Formula II, e.g., a compound of 2.1-2.26, in an amount effective to inhibit the aquaporin.

Further provided is Method E as follows:

-   -   E.1 Method E wherein the aquaporin is AQP4.     -   E.2 Method E or E.1 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is selected from edema, e.g. edema of the brain or         spinal cord, e.g., cerebral edema, e.g. cerebral edema         consequent to head trauma, ischemic stroke, glioma, meningitis,         acute mountain sickness, epileptic seizure, infection, metabolic         disorder, water intoxication, hepatic failure, hepatic         encephalopathy, or diabetic ketoacidosis or, e.g., spinal cord         edema, e.g., spinal cord edema consequent to spinal cord trauma,         e.g., spinal cord compression.     -   E.3 Method E, E.1, or E.2 further comprising a treatment         selected from one or more of the following: optimal head and         neck positioning to facilitate venous outflow, e.g. head         elevation 30°; avoidance of dehydration; systemic hypotension;         maintenance of normothermia or hypothermia; aggressive measures;     -   osmotherapy, e.g., using mannitol or hypertonic saline;         hyperventilation; therapeutic pressor therapy to enhance         cerebral perfusion; administration of barbiturates to reduce of         cerebral metabolism (CMO₂); hemicraniectomy; administration of         aspirin; administration of amantadine; intravenous thrombolysis         (e.g. using rtPA); mechanical clot removal; angioplasty; and/or         stents.     -   E.4 Method E.2 wherein the patient is at elevated risk of         cerebral edema, e.g., due to head trauma, ischemic stroke,         glioma, meningitis, acute mountain sickness, epileptic seizure,         infection, metabolic disorder, water intoxication, hepatic         failure, hepatic encephalopathy, or diabetic ketoacidosis.     -   E.5 Method E.2 wherein the patient has suffered a stroke, head         injury, or spinal injury.     -   E.6 Method E.5 wherein the patient has suffered a stroke, head         injury or spinal injury within 12 hours, e.g. within 6 hours,         preferably within 3 hours of commencing treatment.     -   E.7 Method E.2 wherein the patient is at elevated risk of         suffering a stroke, head injury or spinal injury, e.g., in         combat or in an athletic competition.     -   E.8 Method E or E.1-E.7 wherein the patient already has cerebral         edema.     -   E.9 Method E or E.1-E.8 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is cerebral edema consequent to a stroke or a         traumatic brain injury.     -   E.10 Method E or E.1-E.9 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is cerebral edema consequent to a middle cerebral         artery stroke.     -   E.11 Method E or E.1-E.9 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is cerebral edema consequent to a closed head trauma.     -   E.12 Method E or E.1-E.4 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is cerebral edema consequent to an epileptic seizure.     -   E.13 Method E or E.1-E.4 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is cerebral edema consequent an infection.     -   E.14 Method E or E.1-E.4 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is cerebral edema consequent to a metabolic disorder.     -   E.15 Method E or E.1-E.4 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is cerebral edema consequent to glioma.     -   E.16 Method E or E.1-E.4 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is cerebral edema consequent to meningitis.     -   E.17 Method E or E.1-E.4 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is cerebral edema consequent to acute mountain         sickness.     -   E.18 Method E or E.1-E.4 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is cerebral edema consequent to water intoxication.     -   E.19 Method E or E.1-E.4 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is cerebral edema consequent to hepatic failure,         hepatic encephalopathy, or diabetic ketoacidosis.     -   E.20 Method E or E.1-E.3 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is cerebral edema consequent to an abscess.     -   E.21 Method E or E.1-E.3 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is cerebral edema consequent to eclampsia.     -   E.22 Method E or E.1-E.3 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is cerebral edema consequent to Creutzfeldt-Jakob         disease.     -   E.23 Method E or E.1-E.3 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is cerebral edema consequent to lupus cerebritis.     -   E.24 Method E or E.1-E.3 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is edema consequent to hypoxia, e.g., general         systemic hypoxia, e.g., hypoxia caused by an interruption of         blood perfusion, for example wherein the edema is cerebral edema         consequent to hypoxia caused by cardiac arrest, stroke, or other         interruption of blood perfusion to the brain, or wherein the         edema is cardiac edema consequent to cardiac ischemia or other         interruption of blood flow to the heart.     -   E.25 Method E or E.1-E.3 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is cerebral edema consequent to microgravity and/or         radiation exposure, e.g., exposure from space flight or from         working with radioactive materials or from working in         radioactive areas.     -   E.26 Method E or E.1-E.3 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is cerebral edema consequent to invasive central         nervous system procedures, e.g., neurosurgery, endovascular clot         removal, spinal tap, aneurysm repair, or deep brain stimulation.     -   E.27 Method E.25 or E.26 wherein the patient is at elevated risk         of edema, e.g., due to microgravity and/or radiation exposure,         neurosurgery, endovascular clot removal, spinal tap, aneurysm         repair, or deep brain stimulation.     -   E.28 Method E.25 or E.26 wherein the patient already has edema.     -   E.29 Method E or E.1-E.28 wherein the edema is cytotoxic         cerebral edema or is primarily cytotoxic cerebral edema.     -   E.30 Method E, E.1-E.19, or E.24 wherein the edema is cytotoxic         cerebral edema or is primarily cytotoxic cerebral edema.     -   E.31 Method E, E.1, or E.2 wherein the condition to be treated         or controlled is spinal cord edema, e.g., spinal cord edema         consequent to spinal cord trauma, e.g., spinal cord compression.     -   E.32 Method E.31 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is spinal cord edema consequent to spinal cord         compression.     -   E.33 Method E, E.1, or E.2 wherein the condition to be treated         or controlled is optic nerve edema, e.g., optic nerve edema         consequent to microgravity and/or radiation exposure, e.g.,         exposure from space flight or from working with radioactive         materials or from working in radioactive areas.     -   E.34 Method E, E.1, or E.2 wherein the condition to be treated         or controlled is retinal edema.     -   E.35 Method E, E.1, or E.2 wherein the condition to be treated         or controlled is pulmonary edema.     -   E.36 Method E or E.1 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is epilepsy.     -   E.37 Method E or E.1 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is retinal ischemia or other diseases of the eye         associated with abnormalities in intraocular pressure and/or         tissue hydration.     -   E.38 Method E or E.1 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is myocardial ischemia.     -   E.39 Method E or E.1 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury.     -   E.40 Method E or E.1 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is myocardial infarction.     -   E.41 Method E or E.1 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is myocardial hypoxia.     -   E.42 Method E or E.1 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is congestive heart failure.     -   E.43 Method E or E.1 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is sepsis.     -   E.44 Method E or E.1 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is a migraine.     -   E.45 Method E or E.1 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is neuromyelitis optica.     -   E.46 Method E or E.1 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is glioblastoma.     -   E.47 Method E or E.1 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is fibromyalgia.     -   E.48 Method E or E.1 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is multiple sclerosis.     -   E.49 Method E wherein the aquaporin is AQP2.     -   E.50 Method E or E.49 wherein the condition to be treated is         hyponatremia or excessive fluid retention, e.g., consequent to         heart failure (HF), for example congestive heart failure, liver         cirrhosis, nephrotic disorder, syndrome of inappropriate         antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH), or infertility         treatment.     -   E.51 Method E, E.49, or E.50 wherein the condition to be treated         or controlled is ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome.     -   E.52 Method E, E.49, or E.50 further comprising one or more of         restriction of dietary sodium, fluid and/or alcohol; and/or         administration of one or more diuretics, vasopressin receptor         antagonists, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors,         aldosterone inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs),         beta-adrenergic antagonists (beta-blockers), and/or digoxin.     -   E.53 Method E or E.1-E.52 wherein the duration of treatment with         the prodrug salt of the aquaporin inhibitor, e.g., the compound         of Formula I, e.g., the compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the         compound of Formula II, e.g., the compound of 2.1-2.26, is less         than 21 days, e.g., less than 2 weeks, e.g., one week or less.     -   E.54 Method E or E.1-E.53 wherein the prodrug salt of the         aquaporin inhibitor, e.g., the compound of Formula I, e.g., the         compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of Formula II,         e.g., the compound of 2.1-2.26, is administered orally.     -   E.55 Method E or E.1-E.53 wherein the prodrug salt of the         aquaporin inhibitor, e.g., the compound of Formula I, e.g., the         compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of Formula II,         e.g., the compound of 2.1-2.26, is administered parenterally.     -   E.56 Method E.55 wherein the prodrug salt of the aquaporin         inhibitor, e.g., the compound of Formula I, e.g., the compound         of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of Formula II, e.g., the         compound of 2.1-2.26, is administered by injection, e.g.,         subcutaneously, intramuscularly, intravenously, or         intrathecally, e.g., a bolus injected subcutaneously,         intramuscularly, intravenously, or intrathecally.     -   E.57 Method E.56 wherein the prodrug salt of the aquaporin         inhibitor, e.g., the compound of Formula I, e.g., the compound         of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of Formula II, e.g., the         compound of 2.1-2.26, is administered intravenously, e.g., IV         bolus and/or IV infusion, e.g., IV bolus followed by IV         infusion.     -   E.58 Method E or E.1-E.57 wherein the patient is human.     -   E.59 Method E or E.1-E.58 wherein the onset of action after         administration of the prodrug salt of the aquaporin inhibitor,         e.g., the compound of Formula I, e.g., the compound of 1.1-1.52,         or, e.g., the compound of Formula II, e.g., the compound of         2.1-2.26, is fairly rapid.

In a further embodiment, provided is a method (Method F) of inhibiting an aquaporin in vivo comprising administering a compound of Formula I, e.g., a compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., a compound of Formula II, e.g., a compound of 2.1-2.26, in an amount effective to inhibit the aquaporin.

Further provided is Method F as follows:

-   -   F.1 Method F wherein the aquaporin is AQP4.     -   F.2 Method F wherein the aquaporin is AQP2.     -   F.3 Method F, F.1, or F.2 wherein the compound of Formula I,         e.g., the compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of         Formula II, e.g., the compound of 2.1-2.26, is administered         orally.     -   F.4 Method F, F.1, or F.2 wherein the compound of Formula I,         e.g., the compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of         Formula II, e.g., the compound of 2.1-2.26, is administered         parenterally.     -   F.5 Method of F.4 wherein the compound of Formula I, e.g., the         compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of Formula II,         e.g., the compound of 2.1-2.26, is administered intravenously,         e.g., IV bolus and/or IV infusion, e.g., IV bolus followed by IV         infusion.

In a further embodiment, provided is a method (Method G) to inhibit an aquaporin in a patient suffering from a disease or condition mediated by an aquaporin comprising administering an effective amount of a prodrug salt of an inhibitor of the aquaporin, e.g., a compound of Formula I, e.g., a compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., a compound of Formula II, e.g., a compound of 2.1-2.26, to inhibit the aquaporin.

Further provided is Method G as follows:

-   -   G.1 Method G wherein the aquaporin is AQP4.     -   G.2 Method G or G.1 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is edema, e.g. edema of the brain or spinal cord,         e.g., cerebral edema, e.g. cerebral edema consequent to head         trauma, ischemic stroke, glioma, meningitis, acute mountain         sickness, epileptic seizure, infection, metabolic disorder,         water intoxication, hepatic failure, hepatic encephalopathy, or         diabetic ketoacidosis or, e.g., spinal cord edema, e.g., spinal         cord edema consequent to spinal cord trauma, e.g., spinal cord         compression.     -   G.3 Method G, G.1, or G.2 further comprising a treatment         selected from one or more of the following: optimal head and         neck positioning to facilitate venous outflow, e.g. head         elevation 30°; avoidance of dehydration; systemic hypotension;         maintenance of normothermia or hypothermia; aggressive measures;         osmotherapy, e.g., using mannitol or hypertonic saline;         hyperventilation; therapeutic pressor therapy to enhance         cerebral perfusion; administration of barbiturates to reduce         cerebral metabolism (CMO₂); hemicraniectomy; administration of         aspirin; administration of amantadine; intravenous thrombolysis         (e.g. using rtPA); mechanical clot removal; angioplasty; and/or         stents.     -   G.4 Method G.2 wherein the patient is at elevated risk of         cerebral edema, e.g., due to head trauma, ischemic stroke,         glioma, meningitis, acute mountain sickness, epileptic seizure,         infection, metabolic disorder, water intoxication, hepatic         failure, hepatic encephalopathy, or diabetic ketoacidosis.     -   G.5 Method G.2 wherein the patient has suffered a stroke, head         injury, or spinal injury.     -   G.6 Method G.5 wherein the patient has suffered a stroke, head         injury or spinal injury within 12 hours, e.g. within 6 hours,         preferably within 3 hours of commencing treatment.     -   G.7 Method G.2 wherein the patient is at elevated risk of         suffering a stroke, head injury or spinal injury, e.g., in         combat or in an athletic competition.     -   G.8 Method G or G.1-G.7 wherein the patient already has cerebral         edema.     -   G.9 Method G or G.1-G.8 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is cerebral edema consequent to a stroke or a         traumatic brain injury.     -   G. 10 Method G or G.1-G.9 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is cerebral edema consequent to a middle cerebral         artery stroke.     -   G. 11 Method G or G.1-G.9 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is cerebral edema consequent to closed head trauma.     -   G. 12 Method G or G.1-G.4 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is cerebral edema consequent to an epileptic seizure.     -   G. 13 Method G or G.1-G.4 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is cerebral edema consequent to an infection.     -   G. 14 Method G or G.1-G.4 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is cerebral edema consequent to a metabolic disorder.     -   G. 15 Method G or G.1-G.4 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is cerebral edema consequent to glioma.     -   G. 16 Method G or G.1-G.4 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is cerebral edema consequent to meningitis.     -   G. 17 Method G or G.1-G.4 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is cerebral edema consequent to acute mountain         sickness.     -   G. 18 Method G or G.1-G.4 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is cerebral edema consequent to water intoxication.     -   G. 19 Method G or G.1-G.4 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is cerebral edema consequent to hepatic failure,         hepatic encephalopathy, or diabetic ketoacidosis.     -   G.20 Method G or G.1-G.3 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is cerebral edema consequent to an abscess.     -   G.21 Method G or G.1-G.3 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is cerebral edema consequent to eclampsia.     -   G.22 Method G or G.1-G.3 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is cerebral edema consequent to Creutzfeldt-Jakob         disease.     -   G.23 Method G or G.1-G.3 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is cerebral edema consequent to lupus cerebritis.     -   G.24 Method G or G.1-G.3 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is edema consequent to hypoxia, e.g., general         systemic hypoxia, e.g., hypoxia caused by an interruption of         blood perfusion, for example wherein the edema is cerebral edema         consequent to hypoxia caused by cardiac arrest, stroke, or other         interruption of blood perfusion to the brain, or wherein the         edema is cardiac edema consequent to cardiac ischemia or other         interruption of blood flow to the heart.     -   G.25 Method G or G.1-G.3 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is cerebral edema consequent to microgravity and/or         radiation exposure, e.g., exposure from space flight or from         working with radioactive materials or from working in         radioactive areas.     -   G.26 Method G or G.1-G.3 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is cerebral edema consequent to an invasive central         nervous system procedure, e.g., neurosurgery, endovascular clot         removal, spinal tap, aneurysm repair, or deep brain stimulation.     -   G.27 Method G.25 or G.26 wherein the patient is at elevated risk         of edema, e.g., due to microgravity and/or radiation exposure,         neurosurgery, endovascular clot removal, spinal tap, aneurysm         repair, or deep brain stimulation.     -   G.28 Method G.25 or G.26 wherein the patient already has edema.     -   G.29 Method G or G.1-G.28 wherein the edema is cytotoxic         cerebral edema or is primarily cytotoxic cerebral edema.     -   G.30 Method G, G.1-G.19, or G.24 wherein the edema is cytotoxic         cerebral edema or is primarily cytotoxic cerebral edema.     -   G.31 Method G, G.1, or G.2 wherein the condition to be treated         or controlled is spinal cord edema, e.g., spinal cord edema         consequent to a spinal cord trauma, e.g., spinal cord         compression.     -   G.32 Method G.31 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is spinal cord edema consequent to spinal cord         compression.     -   G.33 Method G, G.1, or G.2 wherein the condition to be treated         or controlled is optic nerve edema, e.g., optic nerve edema         consequent to microgravity and/or radiation exposure, e.g.,         exposure from space flight or from working with radioactive         materials or from working in radioactive areas.     -   G.34 Method G, G.1, or G.2 wherein the condition to be treated         or controlled is retinal edema.     -   G.35 Method G, G.1, or G.2 wherein the condition to be treated         or controlled is pulmonary edema.     -   G.36 Method G or G.1 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is epilepsy.     -   G.37 Method G or G.1 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is retinal ischemia or other diseases of the eye         associated with abnormalities in intraocular pressure and/or         tissue hydration.     -   G.38 Method G or G.1 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is myocardial ischemia.     -   G.39 Method G or G.1 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury.     -   G.40 Method G or G.1 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is myocardial infarction.     -   G.41 Method G or G.1 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is myocardial hypoxia.     -   G.42 Method G or G.1 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is congestive heart failure.     -   G.43 Method G or G.1 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is sepsis.     -   G.44 Method G or G.1 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is a migraine.     -   G.45 Method G or G.1 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is neuromyelitis optica.     -   G.46 Method G or G.1 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is glioblastoma.     -   G.47 Method G or G.1 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is fibromyalgia.     -   G.48 Method G or G.1 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is multiple sclerosis.     -   G.49 Method G wherein the aquaporin is AQP2.     -   G.50 Method G or G.49 wherein the condition to be treated or         controlled is hyponatremia or excessive fluid retention, e.g.,         consequent to heart failure (HF), for example congestive heart         failure, liver cirrhosis, nephrotic disorder, syndrome of         inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH), or         infertility treatment.     -   G.51 Method G, G.49, or G.50 wherein the condition to be treated         or controlled is ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome.     -   G.52 Method G, G.49, or G.50 further comprising one or more of         restriction of dietary sodium, fluid and/or alcohol; and/or         administration of one or more diuretics, vasopressin receptor         antagonists, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors,         aldosterone inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs),         beta-adrenergic antagonists (beta-blockers), and/or digoxin.     -   G.53 Method G or G.1-G.52 wherein the prodrug salt of an         inhibitor of the aquaporin, e.g., the compound of Formula I,         e.g., the compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of         Formula II, e.g., the compound of 2.1-2.26, is administered         orally.     -   G.54 Method G or G.1-G.52 wherein the prodrug salt of an         inhibitor of the aquaporin, e.g., the compound of Formula I,         e.g., the compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of         Formula II, e.g., the compound of 2.1-2.26, is administered         parenterally.     -   G.55 Method G.54 wherein the prodrug salt of an inhibitor of the         aquaporin, e.g., the compound of Formula I, e.g., the compound         of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of Formula II, e.g., the         compound of 2.1-2.26, is administered by injection, e.g.,         subcutaneously, intramuscularly, intravenously, or         intrathecally, e.g., a bolus injected subcutaneously,         intramuscularly, intravenously, or intrathecally.     -   G.56 Method G.55 wherein the prodrug salt of an inhibitor of the         aquaporin, e.g., the compound of Formula I, e.g., the compound         of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of Formula II, e.g., the         compound of 2.1-2.26, is administered intravenously, e.g., IV         bolus and/or IV infusion, e.g., IV bolus followed by IV         infusion.     -   G.57 Method G or G.1-G.56 wherein the patient is human.     -   G.58 Method G or G.1-G.57 wherein the onset of action after         administration of the prodrug salt of an inhibitor of the         aquaporin, e.g., the compound of Formula I, e.g., the compound         of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of Formula II, e.g., the         compound of 2.1-2.26, is fairly rapid.

In yet another embodiment, provided is a compound of Formula I, e.g., a compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., a compound of Formula II, e.g., a compound of 2.1-2.26, for use in treating or controlling a disease or condition mediated by an aquaporin.

In yet another embodiment, provided is a compound of Formula I, e.g., a compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., a compound of Formula II, e.g., a compound of 2.1-2.26, for use in any of Methods A, e.g., A.1-A.58, any of Methods B, e.g., B.1-B.41, any of Methods C, e.g., C.1-C.8, any of Methods D, e.g., D.1-D.19, any of Methods E, e.g., E.1-E.59, any of Methods F, e.g., F.1-F.5, and any of Methods G, e.g., G.1-G.58.

In yet another embodiment, provided is a compound of Formula I, e.g., a compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., a compound of Formula II, e.g., a compound of 2.1-2.26, in the manufacture of a medicament for treating or controlling a disease or condition mediated by an aquaporin.

In yet another embodiment, provided is a compound of Formula I, e.g., a compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., a compound of Formula II, e.g., a compound of 2.1-2.26, in the manufacture of a medicament for use in any of Methods A, e.g, A.1-A.58, any of Methods B, e.g., B.1-B.41, any of Methods C, e.g, C.1-C.8, any of Methods D, e.g., D.1-D.19, any of Methods E, e.g., E.1-E.59, any of Methods F, e.g., F.1-F.5, and any of Methods G, e.g., G.1-G.58.

In yet another embodiment, provided is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula I, e.g., a compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., a compound of Formula II, e.g., a compound of 2.1-2.26, in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient for use in treating or controlling a disease or condition mediated by an aquaporin.

In yet another embodiment, provided is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula I, e.g., a compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., a compound of Formula II, e.g., a compound of 2.1-2.26, in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient for use in any of Methods A, e.g., A.1-A.58, any of Methods B, e.g., B.1-B.41, any of Methods C, e.g., C.1-C.8, any of Methods D, e.g., D.1-D.19, any of Methods E, e.g., E.1-E.59, any of Methods F, e.g., F.1-F.5, and any of Methods G, e.g., G.1-G.58.

Compounds of Formula I, e.g., compounds of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., compounds of Formula II, e.g., compounds of 2.1-2.26, as hereinbefore described for use in the methods of the invention may be used as a sole therapeutic agent, but may also be used in combination or for co-administration with other active agents, for example in conjunction with conventional therapies for cerebral edema, stroke, traumatic brain injury, glioma (e.g., glioblastoma), meningitis, acute mountain sickness, infection, metabolic disorder, hypoxia, water intoxication, hepatic failure, hepatic encephalopathy, diabetic ketoacidosis, abscess, eclampsia, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, lupus cerebritis, optic nerve edema, hyponatremia, fluid retention, ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, epilepsy, retinal ischemia or other diseases of the eye associated with abnormalities in intraocular pressure and/or tissue hydration, myocardial ischemia, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, myocardial infarction, myocardial hypoxia, congestive heart failure, sepsis, neuromyelitis optica, or migraines.

A dose or method of administration of the dose of the present disclosure is not particularly limited. Dosages employed in practicing the present disclosure will of course vary depending, e.g. on the particular disease or condition to be treated, the particular compound used, the mode of administration, and the therapy desired. The compounds may be administered by any suitable route, including orally, parenterally, transdermally, or by inhalation. In stroke or other severely debilitating diseases or conditions, for example where the patient may be unconscious or unable to swallow, an IV infusion and/or IV bolus may be preferred. In general, satisfactory results, e.g. for the treatment of diseases as hereinbefore set forth are indicated to be obtained on oral administration at dosages of the order from about 0.01 to 15.0 mg/kg. In larger mammals, for example humans, an indicated daily dosage for oral administration will accordingly be in the range of from about 0.75 to 1000 mg per day, conveniently administered once, or in divided doses 2 to 3 times, daily or in sustained release form. Unit dosage forms for oral administration thus for example may comprise from about 0.2 to 75 or 150 mg, e.g. from about 0.2 or 2.0 mg to 50, 75, 100, 125, 150 or 200 mg of a compound of Formula I, e.g., a compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., a compound of Formula II, e.g., a compound of 2.1-2.26, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier therefor. When the medicament is used via injection (subcutaneously, intramuscularly or intravenously) the dose may be 0.1 or 0.25 mg to 500 mg per day, e.g., from about 0.25 to 75 or 150 mg, e.g., from about 0.1 or 0.25 or 2.0 mg to 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 200, 300, 400, or 500 mg, by bolus or if IV by bolus or infusion.

In yet another embodiment, provided is a pharmaceutical composition (Composition I) comprising a compound of Formula I, e.g., a compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., a compound of Formula II, e.g., a compound of 2.1-2.26, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

Further provided is Composition I as follows:

-   -   1.1 Composition I wherein the composition comprises 0.1 or 0.25         mg to 2.0 g of the compound of Formula I, e.g., the compound of         1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of Formula II, e.g., the         compound of 2.1-2.26, e.g., from about 0.1 or 0.25 mg to 75 mg         or 600 mg, e.g., from about 0.1 or 0.25 or 1 or 2 mg or 5 or 10         or 15 or 20 to 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, or 600         mg, or 1 g, 1.5 g, or 2.0 g, e.g., from about 5 to 50, 75, 100,         125, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, or 600 mg, or 1 g, 1.5 g, or 2 g,         e.g., from about 5 to 500 mg, e.g., from about 5 to 300 mg,         e.g., from about 5 to 200 mg, e.g., from about 25 to 500 mg,         e.g., from about 25 to 300 mg, e.g., from about 25 to 200 mg,         e.g., from about 0.5 or 1 mg to 50 mg, e.g., from about 0.5 or 1         mg to 20 mg, e.g., from about 0.5 or 1 mg to 10 mg, e.g., from         about 1 or 2 or 5 mg to 10 or 20 mg, e.g., from about 1 or 2 or         3 or 4 to 5 mg or wherein the composition comprises the compound         of Formula I, e.g., the compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the         compound of Formula II, e.g., the compound of 2.1-2.26 in an         amount sufficient to provide 0.1 or 0.25 mg to 2.0 g of         N-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzamide,         e.g., from about 0.1 or 0.25 mg to 75 or 600 mg, e.g., from         about 0.1 or 0.25 or 1 or 2 or 5 or 10 or 15 or 20 mg to 50, 75,         100, 125, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, or 600 mg, or 1 g, 1.5 g, or         2.0 g, e.g., from about 5 to 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 200, 300,         400, 500, or 600 mg, or 1 g, 1.5 g, or 2 g, e.g., from about 5         to 500 mg, e.g., from about 5 to 300 mg, e.g., from about 5 to         200 mg, e.g., from about 25 to 500 mg, e.g., from about 25 to         300 mg, e.g., from about 25 to 200 mg, e.g., from about 0.5 or 1         mg to 50 mg, e.g., from about 0.5 or 1 mg to 20 mg, e.g., from         about 0.5 or 1 mg to 10 mg, e.g., from about 1 or 2 or 5 mg to         10 or 20 mg, e.g., from about 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 to 5 mg.     -   1.2 Composition I wherein the composition comprises         2-{[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbamoyl}-4-chlorophenyl         dihydrogen phosphate in an amount sufficient to provide a dose         of 0.01 or 0.1 or 0.5 mg/kg to 1 or 5 or 10 or 15 mg/kg of         N-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzamide,         e.g., a dose of about 0.05 to 1 or 5 mg/kg, e.g., a dose of         about 0.05 to 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 1, 5, 10 or 20 mg/kg,         e.g., a dose of about 0.5 to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 10 or 20 mg/kg,         e.g, a dose of about 1 to 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 20 or 50 mg/kg.     -   1.3 Composition I, 1.1, or 1.2 wherein the pharmaceutically         acceptable excipient comprises one or more buffering agents         which may control pH, e.g., one or more of sodium citrate,         potassium citrate, sodium phosphate (e.g., NaH₂PO₄ and/or         Na₂HPO₄), potassium phosphate (e.g., KH₂PO₄ and/or K₂HPO₄),         tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (also known as tris base),         tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane acetate (also known as tris         acetate), zinc chloride, meglumine, sodium acetate, potassium         acetate, sodium hydroxide, and arginine, e.g., one or more of         sodium citrate, Na₂HPO₄, tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane,         tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane acetate e.g., Na₂HPO₄, e.g.,         tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, e.g.,         tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane acetate.     -   1.4 Composition I or 1.1-1.3 wherein the composition comprises 1         or 5 mg to 200 or 500 mg of one or more buffering agents, e.g.,         from about 1 or 5 or 10 mg to 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350,         400, 450, or 500 mg.     -   1.5 Composition I or 1.1-1.4 wherein the composition comprises         one or more of sodium citrate and sodium phosphate, e.g.,         Na₂HPO₄.     -   1.6 Composition I or 1.1-1.5 wherein the composition comprises         sodium citrate.     -   1.7 Composition 1.6 wherein the composition comprises 1 or 5 mg         to 200 or 500 mg sodium citrate, e.g., from about 1 or 5 or 10         mg to 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, or 500 mg         sodium citrate.     -   1.8 Composition I or 1.1-1.7 wherein the composition comprises         sodium phosphate, e.g., Na₂HPO₄.     -   1.9 Composition 1.8 wherein the composition comprises 1 or 5 mg         to 200 or 500 mg sodium phosphate, e.g., from about 1 or 5 or 10         mg to 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, or 500 mg         sodium phosphate, e.g., Na₂HPO₄.     -   1.10 Composition I or 1.1-1.9 wherein the composition comprises         Na₂HPO₄.     -   1.11 Composition 1.10 wherein the composition comprises 1 or 5         mg to 200 mg or 500 mg Na₂HPO₄, e.g., from about 1 or 5 or 10 mg         to 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, or 500 mg         Na₂HPO₄.     -   1.12 Composition I or 1.1-1.11 wherein the composition comprises         one or more bulking agents which may provide an adequate         structure to the lyophilized cake, e.g., one or more of         mannitol, lactose, sucrose, trehalose, sorbitol, glucose,         raffinose, arginine, glycine, histidine, dextran (e.g., dextran         40), polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol, and         polypropylene glycol, e.g., one or more of mannitol, glucose,         sucrose, lactose, trehalose, and dextran (e.g., dextran 40).     -   1.13 Composition I or 1.1-1.12 wherein the composition comprises         5 or 10 or 50 mg to 2 or 5 g of one or more bulking agents,         e.g., from about 50 or 100 mg to 200, 300, 500, or 800 mg, or 1,         1.5, 2, 3, 4, or 5 g of one or more bulking agents.     -   1.14 Composition I or 1.1-1.13 wherein the composition comprises         dextran (e.g., dextran 40).     -   1.15 Composition 1.14 wherein the composition comprises 5 or 10         or 50 mg to 2 or 5 g dextran (e.g., dextran 40), e.g., from         about 50 or 100 mg to 200, 300, 500, or 800 mg, or 1, 1.5, 2, 3,         4, or 5 g dextran (e.g., dextran 40).     -   1.16 Composition I or 1.1-1.15 wherein the composition comprises         one or more solubilizing agents, e.g., ethylenediamine         tetraacetic acid (EDTA) or a salt thereof (e.g., calcium         disodium EDTA, disodium EDTA, sodium EDTA), alpha cyclodextrin,         hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, polysorbate 80, tert-butanol,         isopropanol, dichloromethane, ethanol, acetone, and glycerol;         one or more collapse temperature modifiers which may shift the         overall collapse temperature higher, e.g., one or more of         dextran, Ficoll®, gelatin, and hydroxyethyl starch; one or more         tonicity modifiers, e.g., one or more of sodium chloride,         potassium chloride, sucrose, mannitol, glucose, and lactose; and         one or more antimicrobial agents, e.g., one or more of benzyl         alcohol, phenol, 2-phenoxyethanol, m-cresol, chlorobutanol,         parabens (e.g., methyl paraben, ethyl paraben, propyl paraben),         benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, myristyl         gamma-picolinium salt (e.g., myristyl gamma-picolinium         chloride), and organomercury compounds and salts (e.g., phenyl         mercuric acetate, phenyl mercuric borate, phenyl mercuric         nitrate, and thimerosal).     -   1.17 Composition I or 1.1-1.16 wherein the composition is a         solid.     -   1.18 Composition I or 1.1-1.17 wherein the composition is         lyophilized.     -   1.19 Composition I or 1.1-1.18 wherein the compound of Formula         I, e.g., the compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of         Formula II, e.g., the compound of 2.1-2.26, is lyophilized,         e.g., by freezing, primary drying, and secondary drying.     -   1.20 Composition 1.19 wherein the compound of Formula I, e.g.,         the compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of Formula II,         e.g., the compound of 2.1-2.26, is lyophilized, e.g., by         freezing, primary drying, and secondary drying, prior to         admixture with the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.     -   1.21 Composition I or 1.1-1.20 wherein the compound of Formula         I, e.g., the compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of         Formula II, e.g., the compound of 2.1-2.26, is crystalline.     -   1.22 Composition I or 1.1-1.20 wherein the compound of Formula         I, e.g., the compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of         Formula II, e.g., the compound of 2.1-2.26, is amorphous.     -   1.23 Composition I or 1.1-1.22 which is suitable for         constitution, or reconstitution if lyophilized, with a solvent         into a pharmaceutically acceptable liquid (e.g., a solution or         suspension, e.g., a solution).     -   1.24 Composition I or 1.1-1.23 wherein the composition is         admixed with a solvent, e.g., a sterile solution, e.g., sterile         water for injection, a sterile solution comprising dextrose         (e.g., dextrose injection 5%), a sterile solution comprising         sodium chloride (e.g., 0.9% sodium chloride injection), a         sterile solution comprising benzyl alcohol (e.g., bacteriostatic         water for injection with benzyl alcohol or bacteriostatic sodium         chloride for injection with benzyl alcohol), or Lactated         Ringer's.     -   1.25 Composition I or 1.1-1.24 wherein the composition is         admixed with 0.5 to 500 mL solvent, e.g., from about 1 or 2 mL         to 500 mL, e.g., from about 1 or 2 mL to 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100,         150, 200, 300 or 500 mL, e.g., from about 1 or 2 mL to 5, 10,         25, 50, 75, 100, or 200 mL, e.g., from about 5 to 10, 25, 50, or         100 mL.     -   1.26 Composition I or 1.1-1.25 wherein the composition is         admixed with 0.5 to 500 mL sterile solution, e.g., sterile water         for injection, a sterile solution comprising dextrose (e.g.,         dextrose injection 5%), a sterile solution comprising sodium         chloride (e.g., 0.9% sodium chloride injection), a sterile         solution comprising benzyl alcohol (e.g., bacteriostatic water         for injection with benzyl alcohol or bacteriostatic sodium         chloride for injection with benzyl alcohol), or Lactated         Ringer's, e.g., from about 1 or 2 mL to 500 mL, e.g., from about         1 or 2 mL to 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 300 or 500 mL,         e.g., from about 1 or 2 mL to 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, or 200 mL,         e.g., from about 5 to 10, 25, 50, or 100 mL.     -   1.27 Composition I or 1.1-1.26 wherein the composition is         admixed with sterile water for injection or a sterile solution         comprising sodium chloride (e.g., 0.9% sodium chloride         injection).     -   1.28 Composition I or 1.1-1.27 wherein the composition is         admixed with sterile water for injection.     -   1.29 Composition 1.28 wherein the composition is admixed with         0.5 to 500 mL sterile water for injection, e.g., from about 1 or         2 mL to 500 mL, e.g., from about 1 or 2 mL to 5, 10, 25, 50, 75,         100, 150, 200, 300 or 500 mL, e.g., from about 1 or 2 to 5, 10,         25, 50, 75, 100, or 200 mL, e.g., from about 5 to 10, 25, 50, or         100 mL.     -   1.30 Composition I or 1.1-1.29 wherein the composition is         admixed with a sterile solution comprising sodium chloride         (e.g., 0.9% sodium chloride injection).     -   1.31 Composition 1.30 wherein the composition is admixed with         0.5 to 500 mL a sterile solution comprising sodium chloride         (e.g., 0.9% sodium chloride injection), e.g., from about 1 of 2         mL to 500 mL, e.g., from about 1 or 2 mL to 5, 10, 25, 50, 75,         100, 150, 200, 300 or 500 mL, e.g., from about 1 or 2 to 5, 10,         25, 50, 75, 100, or 200 mL, e.g., from about 5 to 10, 25, 50, or         100 mL.     -   1.32 Composition 1.24-1.31 wherein the solvent, e.g., the         sterile solution, comprises a buffering agent, e.g., one or more         of sodium citrate, potassium citrate, sodium phosphate (e.g.,         NaH₂PO₄ and/or Na₂HPO₄), potassium phosphate (e.g., KH₂PO₄         and/or K₂HPO₄), tris base (also known as         tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane), tris acetate (also known as         tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane acetate), zinc chloride,         meglumine, sodium acetate, potassium acetate, sodium hydroxide,         and arginine, e.g., one or more of sodium citrate and Na₂HPO₄,         e.g., Na₂HPO₄.     -   1.33 Composition 1.32 wherein the solvent, e.g., the sterile         solution, comprises 1 or 5 mg to 200 or 500 mg of one or more         buffering agents, e.g., from about 1 or 5 or 10 mg to 50, 100,         150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, or 500 mg.     -   1.34 Composition 1.32 or 1.33 wherein the solvent, e.g. the         sterile solution, comprises one or more of sodium citrate and         sodium phosphate, e.g., Na₂HPO₄.     -   1.35 Composition 1.32-1.34 wherein the solvent, e.g. the sterile         solution comprises sodium citrate.     -   1.36 Composition 1.35 wherein the solvent, e.g., the sterile         solution, comprises 1 or 5 mg to 200 or 500 mg sodium citrate,         e.g., from about 1 or 5 or 10 mg to 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300,         350, 400, 450, or 500 mg sodium citrate.     -   1.37 Composition 1.31-1.36 wherein the solvent, e.g., the         sterile solution, comprises sodium phosphate, e.g., Na₂HPO₄.     -   1.38 Composition 1.37 wherein the solvent, e.g., the sterile         solution, comprises 1 or 5 mg to 200 mg or 500 mg sodium         phosphate, e.g., from about 1 or 5 or 10 mg to 50, 100, 150,         200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, or 500 mg sodium phosphate, e.g.,         Na₂HPO₄.     -   1.39 Composition 1.24-1.38 wherein the solvent, e.g., the         sterile solution comprises one or more bulking agents, e.g., one         or more of maltose, mannose, ribose, cyclodextrin, mannitol,         lactose, sucrose, trehalose, sorbitol, glucose, raffinose,         arginine, glycine, histidine, dextran (e.g., dextran 40),         polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol, and polypropylene         glycol, e.g., one or more of mannitol, glucose, sucrose,         lactose, trehalose, and dextran (e.g., dextran 40).     -   1.40 Composition 1.24-1.39 wherein the solvent, e.g., the         sterile solution, comprises 5 or 10 or 50 mg to 2 or 5 g of one         or more bulking agents, e.g., from about 50 or 100 mg to 200,         300, 500, or 800 mg, or 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, or 5 g of one or more         bulking agents.     -   1.41 Composition 1.24-1.40 wherein the solvent, e.g., the         sterile solution, comprises dextran (e.g., dextran 40).     -   1.42 Composition 1.41 wherein the solvent, e.g. the sterile         solution, comprises 5 or 10 or 50 mg to 2 or 5 g dextran (e.g.,         dextran 40), e.g., from about 50 or 100 mg to 200, 300, 500, or         800 mg, or 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, or 5 dextran (e.g., dextran 40).     -   1.43 Composition 1.24-1.42 wherein the solvent, e.g., the         sterile solution, comprises one or more solubilizing agents,         e.g., ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) or a salt thereof         (e.g., calcium disodium EDTA, disodium EDTA, sodium EDTA), alpha         cyclodextrin, hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, polysorbate 80,         tert-butanol, isopropanol, dichloromethane, ethanol, acetone,         and glycerol; one or more collapse temperature modifiers which         may shift the overall collapse temperature higher, e.g., one or         more of dextran, Ficoll®, gelatin, and hydroxyethyl starch; one         or more tonicity modifiers, e.g., one or more of sodium         chloride, potassium chloride, sucrose, mannitol, and glucose;         and one or more antimicrobial agents, e.g., one or more of         benzyl alcohol, phenol, 2-phenoxyethanol, m-cresol,         chlorobutanol, parabens (e.g., methyl paraben, ethyl paraben,         propyl paraben), benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride,         myristyl gamma-picolinium salt (e.g., myristyl gamma-picolinium         chloride), and organomercury compounds and salts (e.g., phenyl         mercuric acetate, phenyl mercuric borate, phenyl mercuric         nitrate, and thimerosal).     -   1.44 Composition 1.24-1.43 wherein the pH is between pH 7 and pH         10.5, e.g., between pH 7 and pH 9.5, e.g., between pH 7 and pH         8.     -   1.45 Composition 1.24-1.44 wherein the composition is filtered         to remove particles and microbes, e.g., filtered prior to         injection.     -   1.46 Composition 1.24-1.45 wherein the compositions is         administered about 24 hours, 12 hours, 10 hours, 8 hours, 2         hours, 1 hour, 30 minutes, 20 minutes, 15 minutes, 10 minutes, 5         minutes, 3 minutes, 2 minutes or 1 minute or less after         admixture.     -   1.47 Composition I or 1.1-1.46 wherein the composition is for         injection, e.g., subcutaneously, intramuscularly, intravenously,         or intrathecally, e.g., intramuscularly or intravenously, e.g.,         a bolus injected subcutaneously, intramuscularly, intravenously,         or intrathecally.     -   1.48 Composition 1.47 wherein the composition is for injection         intravenously, e.g., IV bolus and/or IV infusion, e.g., IV bolus         followed by IV infusion.     -   1.49 Composition 1.47 wherein the composition is for injection         intramuscularly, e.g., IM bolus and/or IM infusion, e.g., IM         bolus followed by IM infusion.     -   1.50 Composition 1.48 or 1.49 wherein the infusion, e.g., IV or         IM, is administered over about 10 or 30 minutes to 72 hours,         e.g., about 30 minutes to 24 hours, e.g, about 30 minutes to 12         hours, e.g., about 30 minutes to 8 hours, e.g., about 30 minutes         to 6 hours, e.g., about 30 minutes to 4 hours, e.g., about 30         minutes to 2 hours, e.g., about 30 minutes to 1 hour, e.g.,         about 72 hours.     -   1.51 Composition I wherein the composition is formulated for         oral administration.     -   1.52 Composition 1.51 wherein the composition is a tablet,         capsule, solution, suspension, or the like.     -   1.53 Composition I or 1.1-1.52 wherein the composition comprises         one or more additional therapeutic agents, e.g., one or more         additional therapeutic agents for cerebral edema, stroke,         traumatic brain injury, glioma (e.g., glioblastoma), meningitis,         acute mountain sickness, infection, metabolic disorder, hypoxia,         water intoxication, hepatic failure, hepatic encephalopathy,         diabetic ketoacidosis, abscess, eclampsia, Creutzfeldt-Jakob         disease, lupus cerebritis, optic nerve edema, hyponatremia,         fluid retention, ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, epilepsy,         retinal ischemia or other diseases of the eye associated with         abnormalities in intraocular pressure and/or tissue hydration,         myocardial ischemia, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury,         myocardial infarction, myocardial hypoxia, congestive heart         failure, sepsis, neuromyelitis optica, or migraines.     -   1.54 Composition I or 1.1-1.53 wherein the composition comprises         one or more additional therapeutic agents, e.g., one or more         additional therapeutic agents for pulmonary edema, fibromyalgia,         or multiple sclerosis.     -   1.55 Composition I or 1.1-1.54 wherein the composition is         administered concurrently or sequentially, in either order, with         one or more additional therapeutic agents, e.g., one or more         additional therapeutic agents for cerebral edema, stroke,         traumatic brain injury, glioma (e.g., glioblastoma), meningitis,         acute mountain sickness, infection, metabolic disorder, hypoxia,         water intoxication, hepatic failure, hepatic encephalopathy,         diabetic ketoacidosis, abscess, eclampsia, Creutzfeldt-Jakob         disease, lupus cerebritis, optic nerve edema, hyponatremia,         fluid retention, ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, epilepsy,         retinal ischemia or other diseases of the eye associated with         abnormalities in intraocular pressure and/or tissue hydration,         myocardial ischemia, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury,         myocardial infarction, myocardial hypoxia, congestive heart         failure, sepsis, neuromyelitis optica, or migraines.     -   1.56 Composition I or 1.1-1.55 wherein the composition is         administered concurrently or sequentially, in either order, with         one or more additional therapeutic agents, e.g., one or more         additional therapeutic agents for pulmonary edema, fibromyalgia,         or multiple sclerosis.     -   1.57 Composition I or 1.1-1.57 wherein the composition for use         in any of the methods described herein, e.g., for use in Method         A, e.g., Method A.1-A.58, for use in Method B, e.g., Method         B.1-B.41, e.g., for use in Method C, e.g., C.1-C.8, e.g., for         use in Method D, e.g., D.1-D.19, e.g., for use in Method E,         e.g., E.1-E.59, e.g., for use in Method F, e.g., F.1-F.5, e.g.,         for use in Method G, e.g., G.1-G.58.

In some embodiments, when the compound of Formula I, e.g., the compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of Formula II, e.g., the compound of 2.1-2.26, is provided as a solid that is to be admixed with a solvent, e.g., a sterile solution, to provide a pharmaceutically acceptable liquid, it is typically provided as a powder and admixed immediately or shortly before administration to the patient. In some embodiments, the powdered compound of Formula I, e.g., the compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of Formula II, e.g., the compound of 2.1-2.26, may be packaged in a container, for example, in a vial to which is added the solvent. Alternatively, the contents of the vial may be added to the solvent in a separate container. In some embodiments, the powdered the compound of Formula I, e.g., the compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of Formula II, e.g., the compound of 2.1-2.26, is packaged in a sachet, such as a foil package, that can be opened and the contents added to the solvent. In some embodiments, the powdered compound of Formula I, e.g., the compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of Formula II, e.g., the compound of 2.1-2.26, is formulated as a tablet that dissolves when it is added to the solvent.

In yet another embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula I, e.g., a compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., a compound of Formula II, e.g., a compound of 2.1-2.26, e.g., Composition I, e.g., composition 1.1-1.52, is prepared by admixing the compound of Formula I, e.g., the compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of Formula II, e.g., the compound of 2.1-2.26, with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I, e.g., the compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of Formula II, e.g., the compound of 2.1-2.26, is crystalline. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I, e.g., the compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of Formula II, e.g., the compound of 2.1-2.26, is amorphous. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I, e.g., the compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of Formula II, e.g., the compound of 2.1-2.26, is lyophilized. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I, e.g., the compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of Formula II, e.g., the compound of 2.1-2.26, and the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, e.g., Composition I, e.g., composition 1.1-1.57, is lyophilized.

In yet another embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula I, e.g., a compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., a compound of Formula II, e.g., a compound of 2.1-2.26, e.g., Composition I, e.g., composition 1.1-1.57, is prepared by admixing the compound of Formula I, e.g., the compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of Formula II, e.g., the compound of 2.1-2.26, with a sterile solution, e.g., sterile water for injection or a sterile solution comprising sodium chloride (e.g., 0.9% sodium chloride injection), to form a pharmaceutically acceptable liquid. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I, e.g., the compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of Formula II, e.g., the compound of 2.1-2.26, is admixed with the sterile solution immediately or shortly before administration. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I, e.g., the compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of Formula II, e.g., the compound of 2.1-2.26, is admixed with a buffering agent, e.g., sodium citrate and/or sodium phosphate (e.g., Na₂HPO₄), prior to admixture with the sterile solution, e.g., sterile water for injection or a sterile solution comprising sodium chloride (e.g., 0.9% sodium chloride injection). In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I, e.g., the compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of Formula II, e.g., the compound of 2.1-2.26, is admixed with a buffering agent, e.g., sodium citrate and/or sodium phosphate (e.g., Na₂HPO₄), and/or a bulking agent, e.g., dextran (e.g., dextran 40), prior to admixture with the sterile solution, e.g., sterile water for injection or a sterile solution comprising sodium chloride (e.g., 0.9% sodium chloride injection). In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I, e.g., the compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of Formula II, e.g., the compound of 2.1-2.26, admixed with the buffering agent and/or the bulking agent is lyophilized. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I, e.g., the compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of Formula II, e.g., the compound of 2.1-2.26, is admixed with a sterile solution comprising a buffering agent, e.g., sodium citrate and/or sodium phosphate (e.g., Na₂HPO₄). In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I, e.g., the compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of Formula II, e.g., the compound of 2.1-2.26, is admixed with a sterile solution comprising a buffering agent, e.g., sodium citrate and/or sodium phosphate (e.g., Na₂HPO₄) and/or a bulking agent. In some embodiments, the admixture of the compound of Formula I, e.g., the compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of Formula II, e.g., the compound of 2.1-2.26, and the sterile solution is agitated, e.g., any mode of agitation that results in a clear liquid, e.g., mechanical agitation, sonication, conventional mixing, conventional stirring and the combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I, e.g., the compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of Formula II, e.g., the compound of 2.1-2.26, admixed with the sterile solution is lyophilized. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I, e.g., the compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of Formula II, e.g., the compound of 2.1-2.26, admixed with the sterile solution is crystalline. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I, e.g., the compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of Formula II, e.g., the compound of 2.1-2.26, admixed with the sterile solution is amorphous.

In one embodiment, Composition I, e.g., composition 1.1-1.57, is prepared by admixing the compound of Formula I, e.g., the compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of Formula II, e.g., the compound of 2.1-2.26, with a solvent, e.g., a sterile water for injection or a sterile solution comprising sodium chloride (e.g., 0.9% sodium chloride injection). In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I, e.g., the compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of Formula II, e.g., the compound of 2.1-2.26, is admixed with a buffering agent, e.g., sodium citrate and/or sodium phosphate (e.g., Na₂HPO₄), and/or a bulking agent, e.g., dextran (e.g., dextran 40), prior to admixture with the solvent. In some embodiments, the solvent comprises a buffering agent, e.g., sodium citrate and/or sodium phosphate (e.g., Na₂HPO₄) and/or a bulking agent, e.g., dextran (e.g., dextran 40). In some embodiments, the admixture of the compound of Formula I, e.g., the compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of Formula II, e.g., the compound of 2.1-2.26, and the solvent is agitated after admixture, e.g., by any mode of agitation that results in a clear liquid, e.g., mechanical agitation, sonication, conventional mixing, conventional stirring and the combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I, e.g., the compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of Formula II, e.g., the compound of 2.1-2.26, is lyophilized. In some embodiments, the admixture of the compound of Formula I, e.g., the compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of Formula II, e.g., the compound of 2.1-2.26, and the buffering agent and/or bulking agent is lyophilized. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I, e.g., the compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of Formula II, e.g., the compound of 2.1-2.26, is admixed with the solvent, e.g., the sterile solution, immediately or shortly before administration.

Pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein, e.g., Composition I, e.g., composition 1.1-1.57, may be contained in a sterilized vessel such as syringes, vials or ampoules of various sizes and capacities.

In yet another embodiment, provided is a kit (Kit I) comprising a compound of Formula I, e.g., a compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., a compound of Formula II, e.g., a compound of 2.1-2.26.

Further provided is Kit I as follows:

-   -   1.1 Kit I wherein the kit comprises 0.1 or 0.25 mg to 2.0 g of         the compound of Formula I, e.g., the compound of 1.1-1.52, or,         e.g., the compound of Formula II, e.g., the compound of         2.1-2.26, e.g., from about 0.1 or 0.25 mg to 75 or 600 mg, e.g.,         from about 0.1 or 0.25 or 1 or 2 or 5 or 10 or 15 or 20 mg to         50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, or 600 mg, or 1, 1.5,         or 2.0 g, e.g., from about 5 to 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 200, 300,         400, 500, or 600 mg, or 1 g, 1.5 g, or 2 g, e.g., from about 5         to 500 mg, e.g., from about 5 to 300 mg, e.g., from about 5 to         200 mg, e.g., from about 25 to 500 mg, e.g., from about 25 to         300 mg, e.g., from about 25 to 200 mg, e.g., from about 0.5 or 1         mg to 50 mg, e.g., from about 0.5 or 1 mg to 20 mg, e.g., from         about 0.5 or 1 mg to 10 mg, e.g., from about 1 or 2 or 5 mg to         10 or 20 mg, e.g., from about 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 to 5 mg or         wherein the composition comprises the compound of Formula I,         e.g., the compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of         Formula II, e.g., the compound of 2.1-2.26 in an amount         sufficient to provide 0.1 or 0.25 mg to 2.0 g of         N-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzamide,         e.g., from about 0.1 or 0.25 mg to 75 or 600 mg, e.g., from         about 0.1 or 0.25 or 1 or 2 or 5 or 10 or 15 or 20 mg to 50, 75,         100, 125, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, or 600 mg, or 1 g, 1.5 g, or         2.0 g, e.g., from about 5 to 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 200, 300,         400, 500, or 600 mg, or 1 g, 1.5 g, or 2 g, e.g., from about 5         to 500 mg, e.g., from about 5 to 300 mg, e.g., from about 5 to         200 mg, e.g., from about 25 to 500 mg, e.g., from about 25 to         300 mg, e.g., from about 25 to 200 mg, e.g., from about 0.5 or 1         mg to 50 mg, e.g., from about 0.5 or 1 mg to 20 mg, e.g., from         about 0.5 or 1 mg to 10 mg, e.g., from about 1 or 2 or 5 mg to         10 or 20 mg, e.g., from about 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 to 5 mg.     -   1.2 Kit I or 1.1 wherein the kit comprises         2-{[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbamoyl}-4-chlorophenyl         dihydrogen phosphate in an amount sufficient to provide a dose         of 0.01 or 0.1 or 0.5 mg/kg to 1 or 5 or 10 or 15 mg/kg of         N-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzamide,         e.g., a dose of about 0.05 to 1 or 5 mg/kg, e.g., a dose of         about 0.05 to 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 1, 5, 10 or 20 mg/kg,         e.g., a dose of about 0.5 to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 10 or 20 mg/kg,         e.g, a dose of about 1 to 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 20 or 50 mg/kg.     -   1.3 Kit I, 1.1, or 1.2 wherein the kit comprises one or more         pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.     -   1.4 Kit 1.3 wherein the one or more pharmaceutically acceptable         excipients are selected from the group consisting of buffering         agents, bulking agents, solubilizing agents, collapse         temperature modifiers and.     -   1.5 Kit 1.3 or 1.4 wherein the kit comprises one or more         buffering agents which may control pH, e.g., one or more of         sodium citrate, potassium citrate, sodium phosphate (e.g.,         NaH₂PO₄ and/or Na₂HPO₄), potassium phosphate (e.g., KH₂PO₄         and/or K₂HPO₄), tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (also known as         tris base), tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane acetate (also known         as tris acetate), zinc chloride, meglumine, sodium acetate,         potassium acetate, sodium hydroxide, and arginine, e.g., one or         more of sodium citrate, Na₂HPO₄,         tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, and         tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane acetate, e.g., Na₂HPO₄, e.g.,         tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, e.g.,         tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane acetate.     -   1.6 Kit 1.5 wherein the kit comprises 1 or 5 mg to 200 mg or 500         mg of one or more buffering agents, e.g., from about 1 or 5 or         10 mg to 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, or 500 mg.     -   1.7 Kit 1.5 or 1.6 wherein the kit comprises one or more of         sodium citrate and sodium phosphate, e.g., Na₂HPO₄.     -   1.8 Kit 1.3-1.7 wherein the kit comprises sodium citrate.     -   1.9 Kit 1.8 wherein the kit comprises 1 or 5 mg to 200 or 500 mg         sodium citrate, e.g., from about 1 or 5 or 10 mg to 50, 100,         150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, or 500 mg sodium citrate.     -   1.10 Kit 1.3-1.9 wherein the kit comprises sodium phosphate,         e.g., Na₂HPO₄.     -   1.11 Kit 1.9 wherein the kit comprises 1 or 5 mg to 200 or 500         mg sodium phosphate, e.g., from about 1 or 5 or 10 mg to 50,         100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, or 500 mg sodium         phosphate, e.g., Na₂HPO₄.     -   1.12 Kit 1.3-1.10 wherein the kit comprises Na₂HPO₄.     -   1.13 Kit 1.12 wherein the kit comprises 1 or 5 mg to 200 or 500         mg Na₂HPO₄, e.g., from about 1 or 5 or 10 mg to 50, 100, 150,         200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, or 500 mg Na₂HPO₄.     -   1.14 Kit 1.3-1.13 wherein the kit comprises one or more bulking         agents which may provide an adequate structure to the         lyophilized cake, e.g., one or more of mannitol, lactose,         sucrose, trehalose, sorbitol, glucose, raffinose, arginine,         glycine, histidine, dextran (e.g., dextran 40),         polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol, and polypropylene         glycol, e.g., one or more of mannitol, glucose, sucrose,         lactose, trehalose, and dextran (e.g., dextran 40).     -   1.15 Kit 1.14 the kit comprises 5 or 10 or 50 mg to 2 or 5 g of         one or more bulking agents, e.g., from about 50 or 100 mg to         200, 300, 500, or 800 mg, or 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, or 5 g of one or         more bulking agents.     -   1.16 Kit 1.3-1.15 wherein the kit comprises dextran (e.g.,         dextran 40).     -   1.17 Kit 1.16 wherein the kit comprises 5 or 10 or 50 mg to 2 or         5 g dextran (e.g., dextran 40), e.g., from about 50 or 100 mg to         200, 300, 500, or 800 mg, or 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, or 5 g dextran         (e.g., dextran 40).     -   1.18 Kit 1.3-1.17 wherein the composition comprises one or more         solubilizing agents, e.g., ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid         (EDTA) or a salt thereof (e.g., calcium disodium EDTA, disodium         EDTA, sodium EDTA), alpha cyclodextrin,         hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, polysorbate 80, tert-butanol,         isopropanol, dichloromethane, ethanol, acetone, and glycerol;         one or more collapse temperature modifiers which may shift the         overall collapse temperature higher, e.g., one or more of         dextran, Ficoll®, gelatin, and hydroxyethyl starch; one or more         tonicity modifiers, e.g., one or more of sodium chloride,         potassium chloride, sucrose, mannitol, glucose, and lactose; and         one or more antimicrobial agents, e.g., one or more of benzyl         alcohol, phenol, 2-phenoxyethanol, m-cresol, parabens (e.g.,         methyl paraben, ethyl paraben, propyl paraben), benzalkonium         chloride, benzethonium chloride, myristyl gamma-picolinium salt         (e.g., myristyl gamma-picolinium chloride), and organomercury         compounds and salts (e.g., phenyl mercuric acetate, phenyl         mercuric borate, phenyl mercuric nitrate, and thimerosal).     -   1.19 Kit 1.3-1.18 wherein the compound of Formula I, e.g., the         compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of Formula II,         e.g., the compound of 2.1-2.26, and the one pharmaceutically         acceptable excipients are in the same container or in one or         more different containers.     -   1.20 Kit 1.19 wherein the kit comprises one or more buffering         agents, e.g, sodium citrate, potassium citrate, sodium phosphate         (e.g., NaH₂PO₄ and/or Na₂HPO₄), potassium phosphate (e.g.,         KH₂PO₄ and/or K₂HPO₄), tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (also         known as tris base),tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane acetate         (also known as tris acetate), zinc chloride, meglumine, sodium         acetate, potassium acetate, sodium hydroxide, and arginine,         e.g., one or more of sodium citrate, Na₂HPO₄,         tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, and tris acetate, e.g.,         Na₂HPO₄, e.g., tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, e.g.,         tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane acetate, wherein the one or more         buffering agents are in the same container as the compound of         Formula I, e.g., the compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the         compound of Formula II, e.g., the compound of 2.1-2.26, or in         one or more different containers.     -   1.21 Kit 1.20 wherein the compound of Formula I, e.g., the         compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of Formula II,         e.g., the compound of 2.1-2.26, and one or more of sodium         citrate and sodium phosphate (e.g., Na₂HPO₄) are in the same         container or in one or more different containers.     -   1.22 Kit 1.20 wherein the compound of Formula I, e.g., the         compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of Formula II,         e.g., the compound of 2.1-2.26, and sodium citrate are in the         same container or in different containers.     -   1.23 Kit 1.20 wherein the compound of Formula I, e.g., the         compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of Formula II,         e.g., the compound of 2.1-2.26, and sodium phosphate (e.g.,         Na₂HPO₄) are in the same container or in different containers.     -   1.24 Kit 1.19-1.23 wherein the kit comprises one or more bulking         agents, e.g., one or more of mannitol, lactose, sucrose,         trehalose, sorbitol, glucose, raffinose, arginine, glycine,         histidine, dextran (e.g., dextran 40), polyvinylpyrrolidone,         polyethylene glycol, and polypropylene glycol, e.g., one or more         of mannitol, glucose, sucrose, lactose, trehalose, and dextran         (e.g., dextran 40), wherein the one or more bulking agents are         in the same container as the compound of Formula I, e.g., the         compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of Formula II,         e.g., the compound of 2.1-2.26, or any other component of the         kit, or in one or more different containers, e.g., in any         combination in any number of different containers.     -   1.25 Kit 1.24 wherein the compound of Formula I, e.g., the         compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of Formula II,         e.g., the compound of 2.1-2.26, and dextran (e.g., dextran 40)         are in the same container or in different containers.     -   1.26 Kit 1.19-1.25 wherein the kit comprises one or more         solubilizing agents, e.g., ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid         (EDTA) or a salt thereof (e.g., calcium disodium EDTA, disodium         EDTA, sodium EDTA), alpha cyclodextrin,         hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, polysorbate 80, tert-butanol,         isopropanol, dichloromethane, ethanol, acetone, and glycerol;         one or more collapse temperature modifiers, e.g., one or more of         dextran, Ficoll®, gelatin, and hydroxyethyl starch; one or more         tonicity modifiers, e.g., one or more of sodium chloride,         potassium chloride, sucrose, mannitol, glucose, and lactose; and         one or more antimicrobial agents, e.g., one or more of benzyl         alcohol, phenol, 2-phenoxyethanol, m-cresol, chlorobutanol,         parabens (e.g., methyl paraben, ethyl paraben, and propyl         paraben), benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, myristyl         gamma-picolinium salt (e.g., myristyl gamma-picolinium         chloride), and organomercury compounds and salts (e.g., phenyl         mercuric acetate, phenyl mercuric borate, phenyl mercuric         nitrate, and thimerosal), wherein the one or more solubilizing         agents, collapse temperature modifiers, tonicity modifiers, and         antimicrobial agents are in the same container as the compound         of Formula I, e.g., the compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the         compound of Formula II, e.g., the compound of 2.1-2.26, or any         other component of the kit, or in one or more different         containers, e.g., in any combination in any number of different         containers.     -   1.27 Kit I or 1.1-1.26 wherein the compound of Formula I, e.g.,         the compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of Formula II,         e.g., the compound of 2.1-2.26, is crystalline.     -   1.28 Kit I or 1.1-1.26 wherein the compound of Formula I, e.g.,         the compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of Formula II,         e.g., the compound of 2.1-2.26, is amorphous.     -   1.29 Kit I or 1.1-1.28 wherein the compound of Formula I, e.g.,         the compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of Formula II,         e.g., the compound of 2.1-2.26, is lyophilized, e.g., by         freezing, primary drying, and secondary drying.     -   1.30 Kit 1.2-1.29 wherein the compound of Formula I, e.g., the         compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of Formula II,         e.g., the compound of 2.1-2.26, and the one or more         pharmaceutically acceptable excipients are lyophilized.     -   1.31 Kit I or 1.1-1.30 wherein the compound of Formula I, e.g.,         the compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of Formula II,         e.g., the compound of 2.1-2.26, is suitable for constitution, or         reconstitution if lyophilized, with a solvent into a         pharmaceutically acceptable liquid (e.g., a solution or         suspension, e.g., a solution).     -   1.32 Kit I or 1.1-1.31 wherein the kit comprises a solvent,         e.g., a sterile solution, e.g., sterile water for injection, a         sterile solution comprising dextrose (e.g., dextrose injection         5%), a sterile solution comprising sodium chloride (e.g., 0.9%         sodium chloride injection), a sterile solution comprising benzyl         alcohol (e.g., bacteriostatic water for injection with benzyl         alcohol or bacteriostatic sodium chloride for injection with         benzyl alcohol), or Lactated Ringer's.     -   1.33 Kit I or 1.1-1.32 wherein the kit comprises 0.5 to 500 mL         solvent, e.g., from about 1 to 2 or 500 mL, e.g., from about 1         or 2 to 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 300 or 500 mL, e.g.,         from about 1 or 2 to 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, or 200 mL, e.g.,         from about 5 to 10, 25, 50, or 100 mL.     -   1.34 Kit I or 1.1-1.33 wherein the kit comprises 0.5 to 500 mL         sterile solution, e.g., sterile water for injection, a sterile         solution comprising dextrose (e.g., dextrose injection 5%), a         sterile solution comprising sodium chloride (e.g., 0.9% sodium         chloride injection), a sterile solution comprising benzyl         alcohol (e.g., bacteriostatic water for injection with benzyl         alcohol or bacteriostatic sodium chloride for injection with         benzyl alcohol), or Lactated Ringer's, e.g., from about 1 or 2         mL to 500 mL, e.g., from about 1 or 2 mL to 5, 10, 25, 50, 75,         100, 150, 200, 300 or 500 mL, e.g., from about 1 or 2 mL to 5,         10, 25, 50, 75, 100, or 200 mL, e.g., from about 5 to 10, 25,         50, or 100 mL.     -   1.35 Kit I or 1.1-1.34 wherein the kit comprises sterile water         for injection or a sterile solution comprising sodium chloride         (e.g., 0.9% sodium chloride injection).     -   1.36 Kit 1.35 wherein the kit comprises 0.5 to 500 mL sterile         water for injection, e.g., from about 1 or 2 mL to 500 mL, e.g.,         from about 1 or 2 mL to 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 300 or         500 mL, e.g., from about 1 or 2 mL to 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, or         200 mL, e.g., from about 5 to 10, 25, 50, or 100 mL.     -   1.37 Kit I or 1.1-1.36 wherein the kit comprises sterile         solution comprising sodium chloride (e.g., 0.9% sodium chloride         injection).     -   1.38 Kit 1.37 wherein the kit comprises 0.5 to 500 mL of a         sterile solution comprising sodium chloride (e.g., 0.9% sodium         chloride injection), e.g., from about 1 or 2 mL to 500 mL, e.g.,         from about 1 or 2 mL to 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 300 or         500 mL, e.g., from about 1 or 2 mL to 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, or         200 mL, e.g., from about 5 to 10, 25, 50, or 100 mL.     -   1.39 Kit 1.31-1.38 wherein the solvent, e.g., the sterile         solution, comprises a buffering agent, e.g., one or more of         sodium citrate, potassium citrate, sodium phosphate (e.g.,         NaH₂PO₄ and/or Na₂HPO₄), potassium phosphate (e.g., KH₂PO₄         and/or K₂HPO₄), tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (also known as         tris base),tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane acetate (also known         as tris acetate), zinc chloride, meglumine, sodium acetate,         potassium acetate, sodium hydroxide, and arginine, e.g., one or         more of sodium citrate, Na₂HPO₄,         tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, and         tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane acetate, e.g., Na₂HPO₄, e.g.,         tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, e.g.,         tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane acetate.     -   1.40 Kit 1.39 wherein the solvent, e.g., the sterile solution,         comprises 1 or 5 mg to 200 or 500 mg of one or more buffering         agents, e.g., from about 1 or 5 or 10 mg to 50, 100, 150, 200,         250, 300, 350, 400, 450, or 500 mg.     -   1.41 Kit 1.39 or 1.40 wherein the solvent, e.g. the sterile         solution, comprises one or more of sodium citrate and sodium         phosphate, e.g., Na₂HPO₄.     -   1.42 Kit 1.39-1.41 wherein the solvent, e.g. the sterile         solution, comprises sodium citrate.     -   1.43 Kit 1.42 wherein the solvent, e.g., the sterile solution,         comprises 1 or 5 mg to 200 or 500 mg sodium citrate, e.g., from         about 1 or 5 or 10 mg to 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400,         450, or 500 mg sodium citrate.     -   1.44 Kit 1.39-1.43 wherein the solvent, e.g., the sterile         solution, comprises sodium phosphate, e.g., Na₂HPO₄.     -   1.45 Kit 1.44 wherein the solvent, e.g., the sterile solution,         comprises 1 or 5 mg to 200 or 500 mg sodium phosphate, e.g.,         from about 1 or 5 or 10 mg to 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350,         400, 450, or 500 mg sodium phosphate, e.g., Na₂HPO₄.     -   1.46 Kit 1.32-1.45 wherein the solvent, e.g., the sterile         solution, comprises one or more bulking agents, e.g., one or         more of maltose, mannose, ribose, cyclodextrin, mannitol,         lactose, sucrose, trehalose, sorbitol, glucose, raffinose,         arginine, glycine, histidine, dextran (e.g., dextran 40),         polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol, and polypropylene         glycol, e.g., one or more of mannitol, glucose, sucrose,         lactose, trehalose, and dextran (e.g., dextran 40).     -   1.47 Kit 1.32-1.46 wherein the solvent, e.g., the sterile         solution, comprises 5 or 10 or 50 mg to 2 or 5 g of one or more         bulking agents, e.g., from about 50 or 100 mg to 200, 300, 500,         or 800 mg, or 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, or 5 g of one or more bulking         agents.     -   1.48 Kit 1.32-1.47 wherein the solvent, e.g., the sterile         solution, comprises dextran (e.g., dextran 40).     -   1.49 Kit 1.48 wherein the solvent, e.g. the sterile solution,         comprises 5 or 10 or 50 mg to 2 or 5 g dextran (e.g., dextran         40), e.g., from about 50 or 100 mg to 200, 300, 500, or 800 mg,         or 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, or 5 g dextran (e.g., dextran 40).     -   1.50 Kit 1.32-1.49 wherein the solvent, e.g., the sterile         solution, comprises one or more solubilizing agents, e.g.,         ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) or a salt thereof (e.g.,         calcium disodium EDTA, disodium EDTA, sodium EDTA), alpha         cyclodextrin, hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, polysorbate 80,         tert-butanol, isopropanol, dichloromethane, ethanol, acetone,         and glycerol; one or more collapse temperature modifiers which         may shift the overall collapse temperature higher, e.g., one or         more of dextran, Ficoll®, gelatin, and hydroxyethyl starch; one         or more tonicity modifiers, e.g., one or more of sodium         chloride, potassium chloride, sucrose, mannitol, and glucose;         and one or more antimicrobial agents, e.g., one or more of         benzyl alcohol, phenol, 2-phenoxyethanol, m-cresol,         chlorobutanol, parabens (e.g., methyl paraben, ethyl paraben,         propyl paraben), benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride,         myristyl gamma-picolinium salt (e.g., myristyl gamma-picolinium         chloride), and organomercury compounds and salts (e.g., phenyl         mercuric acetate, phenyl mercuric borate, phenyl mercuric         nitrate, and thimerosal).     -   1.51 Kit 1.32-1.50 wherein the compound of Formula I, e.g., the         compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of Formula II,         e.g., the compound of 2.1-2.26, is admixed with the solvent to         form a solution wherein the pH is between pH 7 and pH 10.5,         e.g., between pH 7 and pH 9.5, e.g., between pH 7 and pH 8.     -   1.52 Kit 1.51 wherein the solution is filtered to remove         particles and microbes, e.g., filtered prior to injection.     -   1.53 Kit 1.51 or 1.52 wherein the solution is administered about         24 hours, 12 hours, 10 hours, 8 hours, 2 hours, 1 hour, 30         minutes, 20 minutes, 15 minutes, 10 minutes, 5 minutes, 3         minutes, 2 minutes or 1 minute or less after admixture.     -   1.54 Kit I or 1.1-1.53 wherein the kit comprises one or more         additional therapeutic agents, e.g., one or more additional         therapeutic agents for cerebral edema, stroke, traumatic brain         injury, glioma (e.g., glioblastoma), meningitis, acute mountain         sickness, infection, metabolic disorder, hypoxia, water         intoxication, hepatic failure, hepatic encephalopathy, diabetic         ketoacidosis, abscess, eclampsia, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease,         lupus cerebritis, optic nerve edema, hyponatremia, fluid         retention, ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, epilepsy, retinal         ischemia or other diseases of the eye associated with         abnormalities in intraocular pressure and/or tissue hydration,         myocardial ischemia, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury,         myocardial infarction, myocardial hypoxia, congestive heart         failure, sepsis, neuromyelitis optica, or migraines.     -   1.55 Kit I or 1.1-1.128 wherein the kit comprises one or more         additional therapeutic agents, e.g., one or more additional         therapeutic agents for pulmonary edema, fibromyalgia, or         multiple sclerosis.     -   1.56 Kit I or 1.1-1.55 wherein the kit comprises instructions         for using the compound of Formula I, e.g., the compound of         1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of Formula II, e.g., the         compound of 2.1-2.26, to treat or control a disease or condition         mediated by an aquaporin, e.g., diseases or conditions of water         imbalance and other diseases, for example, edema of the brain or         spinal cord, e.g., cerebral edema, e.g. cerebral edema         consequent to head trauma, ischemic stroke, glioma, meningitis,         acute mountain sickness, epileptic seizure, infection, metabolic         disorder, hypoxia (including general systemic hypoxia and         hypoxia due to cardiac arrest), water intoxication, hepatic         failure, hepatic encephalopathy, diabetic ketoacidosis, abscess,         eclampsia, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, lupus cerebritis, cardiac         arrest, microgravity and/or radiation exposure, or an invasive         central nervous system procedure, e.g., neurosurgery,         endovascular clot removal, spinal tap, aneurysm repair, or deep         brain stimulation or, e.g., spinal cord edema consequent to         spinal cord trauma, e.g., spinal cord compression; or optic         nerve edema, e.g., optic nerve edema consequent to microgravity         and/or radiation exposure; or retinal edema; or hyponatremia or         excessive fluid retention, e.g., consequent to heart failure         (HF), liver cirrhosis, nephrotic disorder, syndrome of         inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH), or         infertility treatment; or ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome; or         epilepsy, retinal ischemia or other diseases of the eye         associated with abnormalities in intraocular pressure and/or         tissue hydration, myocardial ischemia, myocardial         ischemia/reperfusion injury, myocardial infarction, myocardial         hypoxia, congestive heart failure, sepsis, neuromyelitis optica,         or glioblastoma; or migraines.     -   1.57 Kit I or 1.1-1.56 wherein the kit comprises instructions         for using         2-{[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbamoyl}-4-chlorophenyl         dihydrogen phosphate to treat or control a disease or condition         mediated by an aquaporin, e.g., diseases or conditions of water         imbalance and other diseases, for example, pulmonary edema,         fibromyalgia, or multiple sclerosis.     -   1.58 Kit I or 1.1-1.57 wherein the kit comprises instructions         for administering the compound of Formula I, e.g., the compound         of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of Formula II, e.g., the         compound of 2.1-2.26, to a patient in need thereof.     -   1.59 Kit I or 1.1-1.57 wherein the kit comprises instructions         for mixing the compound of Formula I, e.g., the compound of         1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of Formula II, e.g., the         compound of 2.1-2.26, and one or more pharmaceutically         acceptable excipients.     -   1.60 Kit I wherein the kit comprises a pharmaceutical         composition comprising a compound of Formula I, e.g., a compound         of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., a compound of Formula II, e.g., a         compound of 2.1-2.26, e.g., Composition I, e.g., a composition         of 1.1-1.57.     -   1.61 Kit 1.60 wherein the kit comprises instructions for using         the pharmaceutical composition to treat or control a disease or         condition mediated by an aquaporin, e.g., diseases or conditions         of water imbalance and other diseases, for example, edema of the         brain or spinal cord, e.g., cerebral edema, e.g. cerebral edema         consequent to head trauma, ischemic stroke, glioma, meningitis,         acute mountain sickness, epileptic seizure, infection, metabolic         disorder, hypoxia (including general systemic hypoxia and         hypoxia due to cardiac arrest), water intoxication, hepatic         failure, hepatic encephalopathy, diabetic ketoacidosis, abscess,         eclampsia, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, lupus cerebritis, cardiac         arrest, microgravity and/or radiation exposure, or an invasive         central nervous system procedure, e.g., neurosurgery,         endovascular clot removal, spinal tap, aneurysm repair, or deep         brain stimulation or, e.g., spinal cord edema consequent to         spinal cord trauma, e.g., spinal cord compression; or optic         nerve edema, e.g., optic nerve edema consequent to microgravity         and/or radiation exposure; or retinal edema; or hyponatremia or         excessive fluid retention, e.g., consequent to heart failure         (HF), liver cirrhosis, nephrotic disorder, syndrome of         inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH), or         infertility treatment; or ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome; or         epilepsy, retinal ischemia or other diseases of the eye         associated with abnormalities in intraocular pressure and/or         tissue hydration, myocardial ischemia, myocardial         ischemia/reperfusion injury, myocardial infarction, myocardial         hypoxia, congestive heart failure, sepsis, neuromyelitis optica,         or glioblastoma; or migraines.     -   1.62 Kit 1.60 wherein the kit comprises instructions for using         the pharmaceutical composition to treat or control a disease or         condition mediated by an aquaporin, e.g., diseases or conditions         of water imbalance and other diseases, for example, pulmonary         edema, fibromyalgia, or multiple sclerosis.     -   1.63 Kit 1.60 wherein the kit comprises instructions for         administering the pharmaceutical composition to a patient in         need thereof.     -   1.64 Kit 1.60 wherein the kit comprises instructions for         preparing the pharmaceutical composition.     -   1.65 Kit I or 1.1-1.64 wherein the kit is for use in any of the         methods described herein, e.g., for use in Method A, e.g.,         Method A.1-A.58, for use in Method B, e.g., Method B.1-B.41,         e.g., for use in Method C, e.g., C.1-C.8, e.g., for use in         Method D, e.g., D.1-D.19, e.g., for use in Method E, e.g.,         E.1-E.5, e.g., for use in Method F, e.g., F.1-F.5, e.g., for use         in Method G, e.g., G.1-G.58.

In some embodiments, the kit is prepared by transferring a liquid comprising a compound of Formula I, e.g., a compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., the compound of Formula II, e.g., the compound of 2.1-2.26, to a container, e.g., a vial, in a predetermined volume first and then subjecting the liquid to a lyophilization process. Alternatively, liquid can be lyophilized in a large volume and then a predetermined amount of the lyophilized preparation can be placed in a container.

In yet another embodiment, provided is a compound of Formula III

wherein: R³⁰, R³¹, R³², R³³, and R³⁴ are independently H, halogen (e.g., Cl or Br), C₁₋₄-alkyl, C₁₋₄-haloalkyl (e.g., —CF₃), or cyano; and R³⁵ and R³⁶ are independently protecting groups, e.g., wherein R³⁵ and R³⁶ are independently a protecting group comprising Si, S, N, and/or O, e.g., wherein R³⁵ and R³⁶ are independently a protecting group comprising an optionally substituted cyclic or acyclic ether, an optionally substituted silyl (e.g., —Si(C₁₋₆-alkyl)₃, e.g., —Si(C₁₋₄-alkyl)₃, e.g., —Si(CH₃)₃), an optionally substituted silyl ether, an optionally substituted ester, an optionally substituted ketone, or an optionally substituted thioether, e.g., wherein R³⁵ and R³⁶ are independently —CH₂OR′, —CH₂SR′,

—C(OC₁₋₆-alkyl)(R′)₂, —CH(R′)OR′, —C(R″)₃, —Si(R″)₃, —C(O)R″, or —C(O)OR″, wherein each R′ is independently H, C₁₋₆-alkyl (e.g., C₁₋₄-alkyl), —CH₂Si(R″)₃, —CH₂-Aryl (e.g., phenyl), —C₁₋₆-alkenyl, —CH₂OSi(R″)₃, alkoxyalkyl, or —CH₂CH₂Si(R″)₃ and each R″ is independently C₁₋₆-alkyl (e.g., C₁₋₄-alkyl) or aryl optionally substituted with alkoxy (e.g., —C₁₋₆-alkoxy, e.g., —C₁₋₄-alkoxy), halogen, cyano, or aryl (e.g., phenyl), wherein each R′ is optionally substituted with alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, or aryl, e.g., —(CH₂CH₂)_(n)—Si(R³⁷)₃), wherein each R³⁷ is independently C₁₋₆-alkyl, e.g., C₁₋₄-alkyl and n is 0 or 1, and wherein R³⁵ and R³⁶ are not both —CH₂—C₆H₅.

Further provided is a compound of Formula III as follows:

-   -   3.1 Formula III wherein R³⁰, R³¹, R³², R³³, and R³⁴ are         independently selected from H, halogen (e.g., Cl or Br),         C₁₋₄-haloalkyl (e.g., —CF₃), and cyano.     -   3.2 Formula III or 3.1 wherein R³⁰, R³¹, R³², R³³, and R³⁴ are         independently selected from H, halogen (e.g., Cl or Br), and         C₁₋₄-haloalkyl (e.g., —CF₃).     -   3.3 Formula III, 3.1, or 3.2 wherein R³⁰, R³², and R³⁴ are         independently selected from halogen (e.g., Cl or Br) and         C₁₋₄-haloalkyl (e.g., —CF₃) and R³¹ and R³³ are H.     -   3.4 Formula III or 3.1-3.3 wherein R³⁰, R³², and R³⁴ are         independently halogen (e.g., Cl or Br) and R³¹ and R³³ are H.     -   3.5 Formula III or 3.1-3.4 wherein R³⁰, R³², and R³⁴ are Cl and         R³¹ and R³³ are H.     -   3.6 Formula III or 3.1-3.3 wherein R³⁰, R³², and R³⁴ are         independently C₁₋₄-haloalkyl (e.g., —CF₃) and R³¹ and R³³ are H.     -   3.7 Formula III, 3.1-3.3, or 3.6 wherein R³⁰, R³², and R³⁴ are         —CF₃.     -   3.8 Formula III or 3.1-3.3 wherein R³⁰, R³², and R³⁴ are         independently F, Cl, Br, or —CF₃ and R³¹ and R³³ are H.     -   3.9 Formula III or 3.1-3.3 wherein R³⁰ is halogen (e.g., Cl or         Br), R³¹ and R³³ are H, and R³² and R³⁴ are independently         C₁₋₄-haloalkyl (e.g., —CF₃).     -   3.10 Formula 3.8 or 3.9 wherein R³⁰ is Cl or Br and R³² and R³⁴         are —CF₃.     -   3.11 Formula 3.10 wherein R³⁰ is Cl.     -   3.12 Formula 3.10 wherein R³⁰ is Br.     -   3.13 Formula III or 3.1 wherein R³⁰, R³¹, R³², R³³, and R³⁴ are         independently H, halogen (e.g., Cl or Br), or cyano.     -   3.14 Formula 3.13 wherein R³⁰ and R³¹ are independently halogen         (e.g., Cl or Br), R³² and R³⁴ are H, and R³³ is cyano.     -   3.15 Formula 3.14 wherein R³⁰ and R³¹ are Cl.     -   3.16 Formula III or 3.1-3.15 wherein R³⁵ and R³⁶ are         independently selected from a protecting group comprising Si.     -   3.17 Formula III or 3.1-3.15 wherein R³⁵ and R³⁶ are         independently selected from —(CH₂CH₂)_(n)—Si(R³⁷)₃, wherein each         R³⁷ is independently C₁₋₆-alkyl, e.g., C₁₋₄-alkyl, e.g., —CH₃,         and n is 0 or 1, e.g., 0, e.g., 1.     -   3.18 Formula 3.17 wherein n is 1.     -   3.19 Formula III or 3.1-3.18 wherein R³⁵ and R³⁶ are the same.     -   3.20 Formula III or 3.1-3.19 wherein R³⁵ and R³⁶ are         —CH₂—CH₂—Si(CH₃)₃.     -   3.21 Formula III wherein the compound is

In yet another embodiment, provided is a compound of Formula XX

wherein: R⁴⁰ and R⁴¹ are independently protecting groups, e.g., wherein R⁴⁰ and R⁴¹ are independently a protecting group comprising Si, S, N, and/or O, e.g., wherein R⁴⁰ and R⁴¹ are independently a protecting group comprising an optionally substituted cyclic or acyclic ether, an optionally substituted silyl (e.g., —Si(C₁₋₆-alkyl)₃, e.g., —Si(C₁₋₄-alkyl)₃, e.g., —Si(CH₃)₃), an optionally substituted silyl ether, an optionally substituted ester, an optionally substituted ketone, or an optionally substituted thioether, e.g., wherein R⁴⁰ and R⁴¹ are independently —CH₂OR′, —CH₂SR′,

—C(OC₁₋₆-alkyl)(R′)₂, —CH(R′)OR′, —C(R′)₃, —Si(R″)₃, —C(O)R″, or —C(O)OR″, wherein each R′ is independently H, C₁₋₆-alkyl (e.g., C₁₋₄-alkyl), —CH₂Si(R″)₃, —CH₂-Aryl (e.g., phenyl), —C₁₋₆-alkenyl, —CH₂OSi(R″)₃, alkoxyalkyl, or —CH₂CH₂Si(R″)₃ and each R″ is independently C₁₋₆-alkyl (e.g., C₁₋₄-alkyl) or aryl optionally substituted with alkoxy (e.g., —C₁₋₆-alkoxy, e.g., —C₁₋₄-alkoxy), halogen, cyano, or aryl (e.g., phenyl), wherein each R′ is optionally substituted with alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, or aryl, e.g., —(CH₂CH₂)_(n)—Si(R³⁷)₃), wherein each R³⁷ is independently C₁₋₆-alkyl, e.g., C₁₋₄-alkyl and n is 0 or 1, and wherein R⁴¹ and R³⁴¹ are not both —CH₂—C₆H₅.

Further provided is a compound of Formula XX as follows:

-   -   20.1 Formula XX wherein R⁴⁰ and R⁴¹ are independently selected         from a protecting group comprising Si.     -   20.2 Formula XX or 20.1, wherein R⁴⁰ and R⁴¹ are independently         selected from —(CH₂CH₂)_(n)—Si(R³⁷)₃, wherein each R³⁷ is         independently C₁₋₄-alkyl, e.g., —CH₃, and n is 0 or 1.     -   20.3 Formula XX, 20.1, or 20.2, wherein is 1.     -   20.4 Formula XX or 20.1-20.3, wherein R⁴⁰ and R⁴¹ are the same.     -   20.5 Formula XX or 20.1-20.4 wherein each R³⁷ is —CH₃.     -   20.6 Formula XX or 320.1-20.5 wherein R³⁵ and R³⁶ are         —CH₂—CH₂—Si(CH₃)₃

Compounds of Formula I, e.g., compounds of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., compounds of Formula II, e.g., compounds of 2.1-2.26, compounds Formula III, e.g., compounds of 3.1-3.21, or compounds of Formula XX, e.g., 20.1-20.5, include their polymorphs, hydrates, solvates and complexes.

Some individual compounds within the scope of this disclosure may contain double bonds. Representations of double bonds herein are meant to include both the E and the Z isomer of the double bond. In addition, some compounds within the scope of this disclosure may contain one or more asymmetric centers. This disclosure includes the use of any of the optically pure stereoisomers as well as any combination of stereoisomers.

It is also intended that compounds of Formula I, e.g., compounds of formula 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., compounds of Formula II, e.g., compounds of formula 2.1-2.26, and compounds Formula III, e.g., compounds of formula 3.1-3.21, encompass their stable and unstable isotopes. Stable isotopes are nonradioactive isotopes which contain one additional neutron compared to the abundant nuclides of the same species (i.e., element). It is expected that the activity of compounds comprising such isotopes would be retained, and such compound would also have utility for measuring pharmacokinetics of the non-isotopic analogs. For example, the hydrogen atom at a certain position on a compound of Formula I, e.g., a compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., a compound of Formula II, e.g., a compound of 2.1-2.26, or a compound of Formula III, e.g., a compound of formula 3.1-3.21, may be replaced with deuterium (a stable isotope which is non-radioactive). Examples of known stable isotopes include, but not limited to, deuterium, ¹³C, ¹⁵N, ¹⁸O. Alternatively, unstable isotopes, which are radioactive isotopes which contain additional neutrons compared to the abundant nuclides of the same species (i.e., element), e.g., ¹²³I, ¹³¹I, ¹²⁵I, ¹¹C, ¹⁸F, may replace the corresponding abundant species of I, C, and F. Another example of a useful isotope of a compound of Formula I, e.g., a compound of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., a compound of Formula II, e.g., a compound of 2.1-2.26, or a compound of Formula III, e.g., a compound of formula 3.1-3.21, is the ¹¹C isotope. These radio isotopes may be useful for radio-imaging and/or pharmacokinetic studies of compounds of Formula I, e.g., compounds of 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., compounds of Formula II, e.g., compounds of 2.1-2.26.

Compounds of Formula I, e.g., compounds of formula 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., compounds of Formula II, e.g., compounds of formula 2.1-2.26, and compounds of Formula III, e.g., 3.1-3.21, may be made using the methods as described and exemplified herein and by methods similar thereto and by methods known in the chemical art. Such methods include, but not limited to, those described below. If not commercially available, starting materials for these processes may be made by procedures which are selected from the chemical art using techniques which are similar or analogous to the synthesis of known compounds.

In yet another embodiment, provided are novel processes for the synthesis compounds of Formula I, e.g., compounds of formula 1.1-1.52, or, e.g., compounds of Formula II, e.g., compounds of formula 2.1-2.26. Novel intermediates of Formula III, e.g., compounds of formula 3.1-3.21, may be used in the synthesis of compounds of Formula I, e.g., compounds of formula 1.1-1.52 and in the synthesis of compounds of Formula II, e.g., compounds of formula 2.1-2.26.

U.S. Pat. No. 7,626,042 reports a process for preparing 2-{[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbamoyl}-4-chlorophenyl dihydrogen phosphate from Compound No. 50:

U.S. Pat. No. 7,626,042 describes that palladium hydroxide on carbon was added to Compound No. 50 in ethyl acetate and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour under hydrogen atmosphere.

The inventors have found the process described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,626,042 results in dechlorination of Compound No. 50, which results in a contaminant that is difficult to remove.

Thus, in yet another embodiment, provided is a process (Process I) for synthesizing a compound of Formula I, e.g., a compound of formula 1.1-1.52, comprising deprotonating a compound of Formula IV

with Q or a salt thereof (e.g., NaOH or KOH), wherein R, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, and Q are as defined for Formula I.

Further provided is Process I as follows:

-   -   1.1 Process I wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁴, and R⁵ are independently         H, halogen (e.g., Cl or Br), C₁₋₄-haloalkyl (e.g., —CF₃), or         cyano.     -   1.2 Process I or 1.1 wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁴, and R⁵ are         independently H, halogen (e.g., Cl or Br), or C₁₋₄-haloalkyl         (e.g., —CF₃).     -   1.3 Process I, 1.1, or 1.2 wherein R¹, R³, and R⁵ are         independently halogen (e.g., Cl or Br) or C₁₋₄-haloalkyl (e.g.,         —CF₃) and R² and R⁴ are H.     -   1.4 Process I or 1.1-1.3 wherein R¹, R³, and R⁵ are         independently halogen (e.g., Cl or Br) and R² and R⁴ are H.     -   1.5 Process I or 1.1-1.4 wherein R¹, R³, and R⁵ are Cl and R²         and R⁴ are H.     -   1.6 Process I or 1.1-1.3 wherein R¹, R³, and R⁵ are         independently C₁₋₄-haloalkyl (e.g., —CF₃) and R² and R⁴ are H.     -   1.7 Process 1.6 wherein R¹, R³, and R⁵ are —CF₃.     -   1.8 Process I or 1.1-1.3 wherein R¹, R³, and R⁵ are         independently F, Cl, Br, or —CF₃ and R² and R⁴ are H.     -   1.9 Process I or 1.1-1.3 wherein R¹ is halogen (e.g., Cl or Br),         R² and R⁴ are H, and R³ and R⁵ are independently C₁₋₄-haloalkyl         (e.g., —CF₃).     -   1.10 Process 1.8 or 1.9 wherein R¹ is Cl or Br and R³ and R⁵ are         —CF₃.     -   1.11 Process 1.10 wherein R¹ is Cl.     -   1.12 Process 1.10 wherein R¹ is Br.     -   1.13 Process I or 1.1 wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁴, and R⁵ are         independently H, halogen (e.g., Cl or Br), or cyano.     -   1.14 Process 1.13 wherein R¹ and R² are independently halogen         (e.g., Cl or Br), R³ and R⁵ are H, and R⁴ is cyano.     -   1.15 Process 1.14 wherein R¹ and R² are Cl.     -   1.16 Process I or 1.1-1.15 wherein Q comprises N, e.g., Q is         HOR⁸NH₂, (HOR⁸)₂NH, or (HOR⁸)₃N.     -   1.17 Process I or 1.1-1.14 wherein Q is HOR⁸NH₂.     -   1.18 Process I or 1.1-1.14 wherein Q is (HOR⁸)₂NH.     -   1.19 Process I or 1.1-1.14 wherein Q is (HOR⁸)₃N.     -   1.20 Process I or 1.1-1.19 wherein R⁸ is —CH₂—CH₂—.     -   1.21 Process I or 1.1-1.15 wherein Q is a salt.     -   1.22 Process 1.21 wherein Q comprises sodium (e.g., NaOH,         NaHCO₃, Na₂CO₃, NaOMe, NaOEt, or NaH).     -   1.23 Process 1.22 wherein Q is NaOH.     -   1.24 Process 1.21 wherein Q comprises potassium (e.g., KOH,         KHCO₃, K₂CO₃, KOMe, KOEt, or KH).     -   1.25 Process 1.24 wherein Q is KOH.     -   1.26 Process I wherein R¹ is halogen (e.g., Cl or Br), R² and R⁴         are H, and R³ and R⁵ are independently C₁₋₄-haloalkyl (e.g.,         —CF₃).     -   1.27 Process 1.26 wherein R¹ is Cl or Br and R³ and R⁵ are —CF₃.     -   1.28 Process 1.27 wherein R¹ is Cl.     -   1.29 Process 1.26-1.28 wherein Q is HOR⁸NH₂.     -   1.30 Process 1.29 wherein R⁸ is —CH₂—CH₂—.     -   1.31 Process 1.26-1.28 wherein Q is (HOR⁸)₂NH.     -   1.32 Process 1.31 wherein R⁸ is —CH₂—CH₂—.     -   1.33 Process 1.26-1.28 wherein Q is (HOR⁸)₃N.     -   1.34 Process 1.33 wherein R⁸ is —CH₂—CH₂—.     -   1.35 Process 1.26-1.28 wherein Q comprises sodium (e.g., NaOH,         NaHCO₃, Na₂CO₃, NaOMe, NaOEt, NaH).     -   1.36 Process 1.35 wherein Q is NaOH.     -   1.37 Process 1.26-1.28 wherein Q comprises potassium (e.g., KOH,         KHCO₃, K₂CO₃, KOMe, KOEt, KH).     -   1.38 Process 1.37 wherein Q is KOH.     -   1.39 Process I wherein the compound of Formula IV is:

-   -   1.40 Process 1.39 wherein Q is HOR⁸NH₂, (HOR⁸)₂NH, or (HOR⁸)₃N.     -   1.41 Process 1.40 wherein Q is HOR⁸NH₂.     -   1.42 Process 1.41 wherein R⁸ is —CH₂—CH₂—.     -   1.43 Process 1.40 wherein Q is (HOR⁸)₂NH.     -   1.44 Process 1.43 wherein R⁸ is —CH₂—CH₂—.     -   1.45 Process 1.40 wherein Q is (HOR⁸)₃N.     -   1.46 Process 1.45 wherein R⁸ is —CH₂—CH₂—.     -   1.47 Process 1.39 wherein Q is a salt.     -   1.48 Process 1.47 wherein Q comprises sodium (e.g., NaOH,         NaHCO₃, Na₂CO₃, NaOMe, NaOEt, NaH).     -   1.49 Process 1.48 wherein Q is NaOH.     -   1.50 Process 1.47 wherein Q comprises potassium (e.g., KOH,         KHCO₃, K₂CO₃, KOMe, KOEt, KH).     -   1.51 Process 1.50 wherein Q is KOH.     -   1.52 Process I or 1.1-1.51 wherein the reaction occurs in a         solvent selected from one or more of H₂O and an alcohol (e.g.,         methanol, ethanol, isopropanol).     -   1.53 Process 1.52 wherein the solvent is H₂O.     -   1.54 Process 1.52 wherein the solvent is methanol.     -   1.55 Process I or 1.1-1.54 wherein the reaction is stirred at         room temperature.     -   1.56 Process I or 1.1-1.55 wherein the reaction is stirred for         about 2 hours.     -   1.57 Process I or 1.1-1.56 wherein the compound of Formula IV is         mono-deprotonated.     -   1.58 Process I or 1.1-1.56 wherein the compound of Formula IV is         di-deprotonated     -   1.59 Process I or 1.1-1.58 further comprising deprotecting a         compound of Formula III

-   -    wherein R³⁰, R³¹, R³², R³³, R³⁴, R³⁵, and R³⁶ are as defined         above, e.g., a compound of Formula III, e.g., a compound of         formula 3.1-3.21, to form a compound of Formula IV.     -   1.60 Process 1.59 wherein the compound of Formula III is

-   -    wherein R³⁵ and R³⁶ are as defined above, e.g., a compound of         Formula III, e.g., a compound of formula 3.1-3.21.     -   1.61 Process 1.59 or 1.60 wherein the compound of Formula III is

-   -   1.62 Process 1.59-1.62 wherein the compound of Formula III is         deprotected with a deprotecting agent comprising F.     -   1.63 Process 1.62 wherein the deprotecting agent is         tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride, MgBr₂-diethylether, or BBr3.     -   1.64 Process 1.59-1.62 wherein the deprotecting agent is an         acid.     -   1.65 Process 1.64 wherein the acid is CF₃COOH (also known as TFA         and trifluoroacetic acid).     -   1.66 Process 1.59-1.65 wherein the deprotection reaction is         stirred at room temperature.     -   1.67 Process 1.59-1.66 wherein the deprotection reaction is         stirred for about 2 hours.     -   1.68 Process I or 1.1-1.67 further comprising reacting a         compound of Formula V

-   -    with a compound of Formula VI

-   -    to form a compound of Formula III, wherein R³⁰, R³¹, R³², R³³,         R³⁴, R³⁵, and R³⁶ are as defined above for the compound of         Formula III, e.g., the compound of formula 3.1-3.21, e.g.,         wherein the compound of Formula VI is a compound of Formula XX,         e.g., 20.1-20.5.     -   1.69 Process 1.68 wherein the compound of Formula V is reacted         with a compound of Formula XX, e.g., 20.1-20.5.     -   1.70 Process 1.68 or 1.69 wherein the compound of Formula V is         reacted with

-   -   1.71 Process 1.68-1.70 wherein the reaction occurs in the         presence of a base.     -   1.72 Process 1.71 wherein the base comprises nitrogen.     -   1.73 Process 1.72 wherein the base is a trialkylamine (e.g.,         (C₁₋₄-alkyl)₃N).     -   1.74 Process 1.73 wherein the base is N,N-diisopropylethylamine         (also known as Hünig's base).     -   1.75 Process 1.68-1.74 wherein the reaction occurs in the         presence of a catalyst.     -   1.76 Process 1.75 wherein the catalyst comprises nitrogen.     -   1.77 Process 1.76 wherein the catalyst is         4-dimethylaminopyridine (also known as DMAP),         1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (also known as DBU), or         1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene (also known as DBN).     -   1.78 Process 1.68-1.77 wherein the reaction occurs in CH₃CN and         CCl₄.     -   1.79 Process 1.68-1.78 wherein the reaction is allowed to warm         from about 0° C. to room temperature.     -   1.80 Process 1.68-1.79 wherein the reaction is stirred for about         20 hours.     -   1.81 Process I or 1.1-1.80 further comprising reacting a         compound of Formula VII

-   -    to form a compound of Formula V, wherein R³⁰ is defined above         for the compound of Formula III, e.g., the compound of formula         3.1-3.21.     -   1.82 Process 1.81 wherein the compound of Formula VII is reacted         with a compound of Formula VIII

-   -    wherein R³¹, R³², R³³, and R³⁴ are as defined above for the         compound of Formula III, e.g., 3.1-3.21.     -   1.83 Process 1.81 or 1.82 further comprising first converting         the compound of Formula VII to a compound of Formula IX

-   -    wherein R³⁰ is as defined above.     -   1.84 Process 1.83 wherein Formula IX is formed by reaction with         a compound comprising P or S.     -   1.85 Process 1.84 wherein Formula IX is formed by reaction with         PCl₃, PCl₅, or SOCl₂.     -   1.86 Process 1.82-1.85 wherein the reaction occurs in a nonpolar         solvent.     -   1.87 Process 1.86 wherein the nonpolar solvent is toluene.     -   1.88 Process 1.82-1.87 wherein the reaction is heated to reflux.     -   1.89 Process 1.82-1.88 wherein the reaction is stirred for about         12 hours.     -   1.90 Process I or 1.1-1.89 wherein the process is as depicted         below:

-   -    wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R³⁰, R³¹, R³², R³³, R³⁴,         R³⁵, and R³⁶ are as defined above.     -   1.91 Process I or 1.1-1.90 wherein the process is as depicted         below:

-   -    wherein R⁶ and R⁷ are as defined above.     -   1.92 Process I or 1.1-1.91 wherein the process is as depicted         below:

-   -    wherein R⁶ and R⁷ are as defined above.     -   1.93 Process I or 1.1-1.92 further comprising isolating the         compound of Formula I, e.g., the compound of formula 1.1-1.52.

As used throughout, ranges are used as shorthand for describing each and every value that is within the range. Any value within the range can be selected as the terminus of the range. In addition, all references cited herein are hereby incorporated by referenced in their entireties. In the event of a conflict in a definition in the present disclosure and that of a cited reference, the present disclosure controls.

EXAMPLES

The synthetic methods for various compounds of Formula I are illustrated below. The intermediates of compounds of Formula I as well as other compounds of Formula I may be made using the methods as similarly described below and/or by methods similar to those generally described in the detailed description and by methods known in the chemical art.

TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS DMAP=4-(dimethylamino)pyridine

Hünig's base=N,N-diisopropylethylamine TFA=trifluoroacetic acid

Example 1 2-{[3,5-Bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbamoyl}-4-chlorophenyl dihydrogen phosphate

Step 1: N-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzamide (Compound 1)

5-chloro salicylic acid (8.75 g, 50 mmol, 1 eq) is dissolved in toluene (300 mL) under N₂ atmosphere then phosphorus trichloride (2.2 mL, 25 mmol, 0.5 eq) is added dropwise followed by 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)aniline (10 g, 43.7 mmol, 0.87 eq). The reaction mixture is stirred under reflux for 12 h then cooled to room temperature. The reaction mixture is quenched with NaHCO₃ saturated solution and stirred for 10 min. To this solution is added 1M HCl (100 mL) until the pH of the aqueous layer is 5 and the aqueous layer is extracted with ethyl acetate (2×300 mL). The combined organics are then dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo to yield the crude product which is purified by flash chromatography (5-20% EtOAc/hex). The yield of pure product as a white solid is 16 g (yield 85%) which is >95% pure by ¹H NMR. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 11.35 (bs, 1H), 10.85 (bs, 1H), 8.40 (s, 2H), 7.80-7.79 (m, 2H), 7.50 (dd, 1H), 7.00 (d, 1H).

Step 2: 2-((3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)carbamoyl)-4-chlorophenyl bis(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl) phosphate

N-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzamide (4.0 g, 0.01 mol, 1 eq) is dissolved in CH₃CN (104 mL) then DMAP (0.08 g, 0.001 mol, 0.06 eq), Hunig's base (7.36 mL, 0.021 mol, 2 eq) and CCl₄ (8.02 g, 0.052 mol, 5 eq) are added in this order. The solution is cooled to 0° C. and the HP(O)(OCH₂CH₂Si(CH₃)₃)₂ (4.66 g, 0.016 mol, 1.5 eq) in CH₃CN (5 mL) is added dropwise. The reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for 20 h then water is added and extracted twice with EtOAc. The combined organic layers are washed with a saturated solution of NaCl, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and the solvent is concentrated in vacuo to give the crude material which is used as such for next step. ¹H NMR (200 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 10.20 (bs, 1H), 8.32 (s, 2H), 7.90 (s, 1H), 7.62 (s, 1H), 7.45-7.40 (m, 1H), 7.30-7.28 (m, 1H), 4.40-4.30 (m, 4H), 1.20-1.00 (m, 4H), 0.0 (s, 18H).

Step 3: 2-((3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)carbamoyl)-4-chlorophenyl dihydrogen phosphate

2-((3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)carbamoyl)-4-chlorophenyl bis(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl) phosphate (6.64 g, 0.01 mol, 1 eq) is dissolved in a mixture TFA:Water (5:1, 50 mL). The reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for 2 h then solvent is concentrated in vacuo. The resulting white solid is dissolved in Et₂O (20 mL) then concentrated in vacuo. This operation is repeated twice or until the compound becomes much less soluble in Et₂O. The resulting material is suspended in a mixture Et₂O:Hex (6:1, 50 mL) and filtered to give the desire material as light red solid. Finally, the solid is dissolved in water (100 mL), filtered and the resulting aqueous solution is freeze dried to give the desired product as a white solid (yield 76% over two steps, 97% pure by HPLC). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 8.38 (s, 2H), 7.78 (s, 1H), 7.70 (s, 1H), 7.55-7.50 (m, 1H), 7.45-7.43 (m, 1H).

Example 2 2-((3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)carbamoyl)-4-chlorophenyl phosphate bis ethanolamine salt

2-((3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)carbamoyl)-4-chlorophenyl dihydrogen phosphate (2.14 g, 0.005 mol, 1 eq) is dissolved in MeOH (46 mL) then ethanolamine (0.56 mL, 0.009 mol, 2 eq) is added. The reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for 2 h then solvent is concentrated in vacuo to give the desired product as a white solid (yield 84%, 97% pure by HPLC). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, D₂O): δ 8.15 (s, 2H), 7.85 (d, 2H), 7.37-7.34 (m, 2H), 3.62 (t, 4H), 2.95 (t, 4H).

Example 3 2-((3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)carbamoyl)-4-chlorophenyl phosphate bis diethanolamine salt

2-((3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)carbamoyl)-4-chlorophenyl dihydrogen phosphate (300 mg, 0.647 mmol, 1 eq) is dissolved in MeOH (3.2 mL) then diethanolamine (0.124 mL, 1.294 mmol, 2 eq) is added. The reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for 2 h then solvent is concentrated in vacuo to give the desire product as a yellow foam (yield 100%, 95% pure by HPLC). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 8.52 (s, 2H), 7.76 (s, 1H), 7.62 (s, 1H), 7.48 (d, 1H), 7.37 (d, 1H), 3.55 (s, 8H), 2.80 (s, 8H).

Example 4 2-((3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)carbamoyl)-4-chlorophenyl phosphate bis triethanolamine salt

2-((3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)carbamoyl)-4-chlorophenyl dihydrogen phosphate (300 mg, 0.647 mmol, 1 eq) is dissolved in MeOH (3.2 mL) then triethanolamine (0.172 mL, 1.294 mmol, 2 eq) is added. The reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for 2 h then solvent is concentrated in vacuo to give the desired product as a yellow oil (yield 100%, 98% pure by HPLC). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 8.50 (s, 2H), 7.76 (s, 1H), 7.62 (s, 1H), 7.52 (d, 1H), 7.29 (d, 1H), 3.55 (s, 12H), 2.82 (s, 12H).

Example 5 2-((3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)carbamoyl)-4-chlorophenyl phosphate bis sodium salt

2-((3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)carbamoyl)-4-chlorophenyl dihydrogen phosphate (300 mg, 0.647 mmol, 1 eq) is suspended in water (6.4 mL) then NaOH (1M) (1.29 mL, 1.294 mmol, 2 eq) is added. The reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for 2 h then the solution is filtered and freeze dried to give the desired product as a white solid (yield 100%, 93% pure by HPLC).

Example 6 2-((3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)carbamoyl)-4-chlorophenyl phosphate bis potassium salt

2-((3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)carbamoyl)-4-chlorophenyl dihydrogen phosphate (300 mg, 0.647 mmol, 1 eq) is suspended in water (6.4 mL) then KOH (1M) (1.29 mL, 1.294 mmol, 2 eq) is added. The reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for 2 h then the solution is filtered and freeze dried to give the desired product as a white solid (yield 100%, 82% pure by HPLC).

Example 7 2-((3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)carbamoyl)-4-chlorophenyl hydrogen phosphate mono sodium salt, 2-((3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)carbamoyl)-4-chlorophenyl hydrogen phosphate bis sodium salt, and 2-((3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)carbamoyl)-4-chlorophenyl hydrogen phosphate bis ethanolamine salt

2-((3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)carbamoyl)-4-chlorophenyl hydrogen phosphate mono sodium salt, 2-((3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)carbamoyl)-4-chlorophenyl phosphate bis sodium salt, and 2-((3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)carbamoyl)-4-chlorophenyl phosphate bis ethanolamine salt are made as follows: 2 mM of 2-((3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)carbamoyl)-4-chlorophenyl dihydrogen phosphate is dissolved in ethanol 50 ml and appropriate equivalents of each base are added. Evaporation gives salts which are dissolved in water and freeze dried.

Example 8 2-((3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)carbamoyl)-4-chlorophenyl phosphate mono ethanolamine salt (Compound 2.19)

2-((3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)carbamoyl)-4-chlorophenyl hydrogen phosphate mono ethanolamine salt is made as follows: 1 g of 2-((3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)carbamoyl)-4-chlorophenyl dihydrogen phosphate is dissolved in isopropanol and 1 eq ethanol amine is added. Evaporation gave 2-((3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)carbamoyl)-4-chlorophenyl hydrogen phosphate mono ethanolamine salt.

Example 9 Stability and Solubility

To understand the stability and solubility of the novel prodrug salts a 95% pure lot of 2-((3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)carbamoyl)-4-chlorophenyl dihydrogen phosphate is purified as follows. 15 g is dissolved in 1.2 L of water with 120 mM of sodium hydroxide and extracted with 500 ml ethyl acetate to remove phenol and non acid impurities. The aqueous layer is acidified with concentrated HCl to pH 1.2 and extracted with ethyl acetate 1 L followed by 600 ml. The ethyl acetate layer is dried MgSO₄ and sodium sulphate, filtered, and evaporated to give about 13 g of 98% pure 2-((3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)carbamoyl)-4-chlorophenyl dihydrogen phosphate. NMR showed 1 mole of ethyl acetate trapped in solid. Ethyl acetate is removed by adding 100 ml of methanol and evaporating. 2-((3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)carbamoyl)-4-chlorophenyl dihydrogen phosphate is stable at RT for a week or more. Sample kept at RT. It is soluble at 5 mg/mL in 1% Na₂HPO₄ giving pH of about 7. Dissolved in 2% Na₂HPO₄ at 5 mg/mL gives pH of 7.4

2-((3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)carbamoyl)-4-chlorophenyl hydrogen phosphate mono sodium salt (“mono sodium salt”), 2-((3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)carbamoyl)-4-chlorophenyl phosphate bis sodium salt (“bis sodium salt”), and 2-((3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)carbamoyl)-4-chlorophenyl phosphate bis ethanolamine salt (“bis ethanolamine salt”) are made and freeze dried as in Example 7. In all cases stability studies show hydrolysis in the solid state at about 1% per day. Solubilities are about 5 mg/mL for mono sodium salt and 10 mg/mL for both bis sodium and bis ethanolamine salt in water.

Final pH of solutions are about 7.5 for the bis ethanolamine salt, pH 8.5 for mono sodium salt, and pH 9.5 for bis sodium salt in water. In all cases solutions of these salts show less than 1% phenol over 12 hrs. Longer term their stability is the same as the solid samples (about 1% per day at RT). Hydrolysis rate is expected to be faster at higher pH.

2-((3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)carbamoyl)-4-chlorophenyl phosphate mono ethanolamine salt (“mono ethanolamine salt”) is made as in Example 8. Surprisingly, the mono ethanolamine salt only shows about 1% hydrolysis after 5 days at RT. Its solubility in water is about 5 mg/ml. Solubility is expected to be higher at higher pH.

Example 10 Phenylbenzamide-AQP Structure-Activity Relationship

Structure activity relationships (SARs) are determined by assaying analogues of selected hits to guide chemistry for the preparation of new molecules to be tested for improved potency. For this iterative process we use a quantitative kinetic assay—the Aquaporin-Mediated Cell Volume Change Assa—in a 96-well multiplate reader. It detects changes in light scattering by a monolayer of CHO cells expressing the desired AQP as they shrink when exposed to hypertonic solution (300 mOsm→530 mOsm). FIG. 1 depicts the aquaporin-mediated cell volume change assay with AQP4 expressing cells (FIG. 1A) and AQP2 expressing cells (FIG. 1B). The cells expressing aquaporins shrink more rapidly than control cells, due to enhanced water flow, which shrinkage can be inhibited by a compound that inhibits the aquaporin.

In FIG. 1, aquaporin-expressing cells are shown in the presence of DMSO (triangles) or in the presence of the test compound (here, Compound 3) at 10 μM (squares), along with CHO-CD81 expressing control cells in the presence of DMSO (diamonds). Each curve represents an average of 16 wells in the 96-well plate.

In FIG. 1A, when the AQP4b cells treated with DMSO are exposed to hypertonic shock, the cells show rapid shrinking, giving a rise in light scattering (increasing relative change in absorbance, Abs/Abs₀) followed by a decay as cells detach from the plate. The CHO-AQP4b cell line shows a 4.5-fold increase in the rate of shrinking compared to CHO-CD81 control cells (fitted to a double exponential model). CHO-AQP4b cells treated with the Compound 3 analogue at 10 μM (squares) show a slower rate of shrinking (55% inhibition) as seen by characteristic ‘unbending’ of the light scattering curve. Similarly, FIG. 1B depicts an experiment comparing CHO-AQP2 treated with DMSO or with Compound 3 at 10 μM. Aquaporin-2 has a lower intrinsic water permeability than AQP4 as observed here. CHO-AQP2 cell lines treated with DMSO (FIG. 1B, triangles) show a 1.7-fold increase in the rate of shrinking compared to CHO-CD81 control cells (diamonds) also treated with DMSO (fitted to a double exponential model) (FIG. 1B). CHO-AQP2 cells treated with Compound 3 at 10 μM (squares) show a slower rate of shrinking (81% inhibition), when comparing the relative change in Abs (Abs/Abs₀) (FIG. 1B).

The data indicates that in this assay, Compound 3 is capable of significantly inhibiting AQP2 and AQP4 activity, e.g. by greater than 50%, at concentrations of 10 μM.

Example 11 Aquaporin Specificity of the Phenylbenzamide Compounds

The specificity of the compounds is tested against the most closely related of the 13 known aquaporins: AQP1, AQP2, AQP5 and both splice variants of AQP4 (A and B). A stable CHO cell line is created for each of the above aquaporins and the inhibition of water permeability using the Aquaporin-Mediated Cell Volume Change Assay with 10 μM Compound 3 is tested. Compound 3 inhibits AQP2 and 4, while it poorly inhibits AQP1 and 5 (FIG. 2).

Example 12 Direct Drug-Target Interactions Between Phenylbenzamides and AQP4

To support the mechanism of action by which phenylbenzamides directly block AQP4, we perform in vitro binding studies using purified AQP4b and Compound 4 radiolabeled with ³H. Using a Hummel-Dryer style assay, a gel filtration column is equilibratrated with buffer containing detergent, to maintain solubility of AQP4b, and 1 μM [³H]-Compound 4. AQP4b is diluted to 250 μM in this column buffer and incubated at RT for 30 min. The sample is then applied to the column, fractions collected and the presence of [³H]-Compound 4 detected by liquid scintillation counting. FIG. 3 shows the elution profile of [³H]-Compound 4 from the gel filtration column with the elution positions of tetrameric and monomeric AQP4b indicated. The rise in [³H]-Compound 4 from a baseline value of 1 μM represents binding to each of these proteins. Although no monomeric AQP4b can be readily detected in our highly purified AQP4b by conventional means, this assay reveals the presence of a small, albeit vanishing, amount of monomer. The relative affinities for Compound 4 are ˜100 μM and less than 1 μM for tetramer and monomer, respectively. This assay shows relatively weak binding of Compound 4 to solubilized AQP4b; nevertheless, it clearly demonstrates that this phenylbenzamide directly interacts with AQP4b.

Example 13 Pharmacological Proof-of-Concept

Mouse Water Toxicity Model—Survival Curves: The in vivo efficacies of the compounds are tested using the mouse water toxicity model, where a mouse is injected with water at 20% of its body weight. Manley, G. T. et al. Aquaporin-4 deletion in mice reduces brain edema after acute water intoxication and ischemic stroke. Nat Med 6, 159-163 (2000); Gullans, S. R. & Verbalis, J. G. Control of brain volume during hyperosmolar and hypoosmolar conditions. Annual Review of Medicine 44, 289-301 (1993). The resulting euvolemic hyponatremia rapidly leads to CE, making this a practical model to test an inhibitor of the CNS aquaporin, AQP4b.

The ability of mice to survive H₂O toxicity is determined in three experiments using 10-12 mice each (16-19 weak old male/female). Deionized water is prepared for injection with either 0.39 mg/kg phenylbenzamide (placebo) or 0.76 mg/kg with test compound. FIG. 4 shows the combined results of these experiments (n=33 placebo, n=34 Compound 1). Percent survival of the Compound 1 cohorts improves 3.2 fold and the time to 50% survival for animals treated with Compound 1 is improved by roughly 52 min.

Mouse Water Toxicity Model—Brain Volume by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): MRI is used to measure changes in brain volume in response to water shock, using the water toxicity model. As described for the survival and brain water content studies above, mice are injected, IP, with a water bolus alone or water bolus and test compound at 0.76 mg/kg, and changes in brain volume as detected by MRI are monitored. Mouse brain volumes are assessed using MRI scans collected with a 9.4T Bruker Biospec MRI scanner at the Case Center for Imaging Research at Case Western Reserve University. This imaging method is found to provide sufficient contrast and resolution to sensitively detect changes in total brain volume in the mouse water toxicity model for cerebral edema. High resolution T2-weighted sagittal scans (resolution=0.1 mm×0.1 mm×0.7 mm) of the mouse head are obtained prior to water injection, 5.67 min post water injection, and then every 5.2 minutes until the animal expires from the water loading. Each scan contains twenty-five 0.7 mm contiguous imaging slices of which 14-15 slices contain a portion of the brain. The cross sectional area of the brain in each imaging slice is measured by manual region-of-interest selection using ImageJ. Brain volumes are then calculated for each scan by summing the individual cross sectional brain areas and multiplying by the slice thickness (0.7 mm).

Treatment with Compound 1 at 0.76 mg/kg reduces the rate of CE development from 0.081 to 0.032 min⁻¹ (or 2.5-fold) fit to a single exponential model (FIG. 5). Also, the extent of CE during the period of observation is reduced (FIG. 5). Moreover, plasma levels in the same assay are found to range between 0.03-0.06 g as determined by LC-MS/MS (performed at Lemer Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio) and are sufficient to show efficacy in this model for CE.

The brain volume by magnetic resonance imaging experiment is also conducted with phenylbenzamide (0.39 mg/kg) and Compound 4 (0.83 mg/kg). Compound 4 reduces the rate of CE development from 0.081 to 0.022 min⁻¹ (Table 1). Phenylbenzamide fails to show reduction in the rate of CE in mice (Table 1).

TABLE 1 Efficacy of compounds on CE formation in the mouse water toxicity model AQP Inhibition Cerebral Edema Compound Cell-Based Assay (%) Rate by MRI (min⁻¹) No Drug 0 0.081 Compound 1 47.9 0.032 Phenylbenzamide 4.5 0.096 Compound 4 38.9 0.022 For no drug and Compound 1, n=14 mice each. For phenylbenzamide and Compound 4, n=12 mice each.

Example 14 High Throughput Screening Assay

Under hypotonic shock, both untransfected cells and cells expressing an unrelated transmembrane protein (CD81, at levels equivalent to AQP4b) swell slowly but remain intact. These observations are used to develop our high-throughput screening assay (HTS).

After hypotonic shock in a 384 well plate format, we return osmolality to normal (300 mOSM) by adding 2× concentrated phosphate buffered saline supplemented to 2 μM with a nonfluorescent acetoxymethyl derivative of calcein (calcein-AM) to each well. Intact cells take up calcein-AM and convert it to the fluorescent dye calcein—giving a quantitative measure of the remaining intact cells. Burst cells do not convert the precursor to the dye. Water uptake by AQP4-expressing cells is relatively rapid, with most test cells bursting within 4 min of hypotonic shock, whereas most cells expressing CD81 remain viable after 8 min. Intracellular conversion of calcein-AM provides a strong and easily detectable signal at 535 nM in our assay (FIG. 6).

Calcein Fluorescence End-Point Assay:

Cells are seeded 24 hr before assay to reach 100% confluence. Culture medium is replaced with H₂O for 5:30 min (osmotic shock). Osmolality is then normalized with the addition of 2×PBS plus 2 μM calcein-AM. Cells are then incubated at 37° C. for an additional 30 min and fluorescence measured on a plate-reader. Rows 1-22 are seeded with CHO-AQP4 cells, and rows 23-24, with CHO-CD81 cells (384 well plate). Note, all plate edges are discarded. Relative Fluorescence Intensity is calculated as the fluorescence intensity (FI) of each well divided by the mean FI of AQP4 cells treated with DMSO (control). Criteria for a successful assay: coefficients of variation (CVs)<15%, and Z-factors >0.5. Statistical analysis shows that 5.5 min of osmotic shock provides the optimal signal-to-noise ratio.

TABLE 2 Statistics for endpoint ‘calcein’ assay in FIG. 6; 5:30 min time point shown: Mean StDev CV Z′ S/B AQP4 581618 66311 11% 0.629 5.0 CD81 2910106 221240 8%

As will be observed, the signal for the CD81 cells is ca. 5× higher than the signal for the APQ4 cells, because by 5.5 mins, most of the AQP4 cells have burst, while most of the CD81 cells remain intact. Inhibition of AQP4 would therefore be expected to provide a higher signal, more like the CD81 cells.

This assay is applied in a pilot screen of the MicroSource GenPlus 960 and the Maybridge Diversity™ 20 k libraries (approximately 21,000 compounds tested, each compound at 10-20 μM).

From this assay, a specific chemical series is identified, phenylbenzamides, which represents 3 out of the top 234 hits.

Hits from the HTS are validated using the same assay using a different plating arrangement. In FIG. 7, we show this validation assay used to examine Compound 3. Cells are seeded in a 96 well multiplate format with the plates edges omitted (lanes 1 and 24) and an entire column (n=16) is used to test the ability of a compound to block AQP4-mediated cell bursting upon H₂O shock. CHO cells expressing CD81 are seeded in lanes 2-3 as a control, and CHO cells expressing AQP4, in lanes 4-23. Cells are treated with 0.1% DMSO in 10% FBS, DMEM (even numbered columns) or 10 μM Compound 1 (odd number columns) in 0.1% DMSO, 10% FBS, DMEM for 30 minutes. The cells are shocked with H₂O for 5:30 minutes, then osmolality returned to 300 mOSM in the presence of 1 μM calcein-AM, as described above. The cells are incubated at 37° C. for 30 minutes and the relative fluorescence measured (ex 495/em 535 nM) on a fluorescence multiplate reader. The data in FIG. 7 represents the average relative fluoresence units (RFU±SEM, n=16).

Example 15 Water Toxicity Model for CE: Intracranial Pressure (ICP)

ICP is monitored using a Samba 420 Sensor, pressure transducer, with a Samba 202 control unit (Harvard Apparatus, Holliston, Mass.). This ICP monitoring system consists of a 0.42 mm silicon sensor element mounted on an optical fiber. A 20-gauge syringe needle is implanted through the cisterna magna to a depth of ˜1 cm. The needle then acts as a guide for insertion of the Samba Sensor and the site of implantation and the open end of the needle are sealed with 100% silicone sealant. A baseline ICP reading is established followed by a water bolus IP injection (20% weight of animal) with or without Compound 1. ICP is monitored until the animal expires from the water load.

Adjusting for the slight rise in ICP observed in the animals when they are monitored without the water bolus injection (FIG. 8, No Water Toxicity), Compound 1 at 0.76 mg/kg reduces the relative rate of ICP rise by 36%, from 3.6×10⁻³ min⁻¹ to 2.3×10⁻³ min⁻¹ (n=6 mice/treatment, mean±SEM).

Example 16 Conversion of 2-{[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbamoyl}-4-chlorophenyl phosphate bis ethanolamine salt to Compound 1

Plasma or serum levels of Compound 1 are measured by LC-MS/MS at the Mass Spectrometry II Core facility at the Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic Foundation. Measurements are taken at 15 minutes and 24 hours after a 10 mg/kg i.p. loading dose and 1 mg/ml at 8 μl/h maintenance dose (delivered by an Alzet i.p. osmotic pump, Durect Corp., Cupertino, Calif.) of 2-{[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbamoyl}-4-chlorophenyl phosphate bis ethanolamine salt (n=5 mice/time point, mean±SEM) (FIG. 9). After initial processing to remove proteins (75% acetonitrile extraction), Compound 3 is introduced to improve quantitation using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). Samples are analyzed by tandem LC-MS/MS using C18 reversed-phase chromatography and mass analysis with a triple-quadrapole mass spectrometer. The LC method is sufficient to separate Compound 1 from Compound 3 and subsequent MRM gave reliable quantitation with a linear response from 0.004-0.4 ng of Compound 1 for its most abundant daughter ion. The dashed line in FIG. 9 is the relative effective plasma concentration of Compound 1 observed in the mouse water toxicity model. Inclusion of an Alzet osmotic pump (Durect Corp., Cupertino, Calif.) containing 2-{[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbamoyl}-4-chlorophenyl phosphate bis ethanolamine salt in the peritoneum is sufficient, in conjunction with an initial loading dose, to sustain Compound 1 above the expected efficacious plasma concentration of 20 ng/ml for 24 hours (FIG. 9).

The solubility of Compound 1 in water is 3.8 g/ml. The solubility of Compound 5 in water is 1 mg/ml.

Initial experiments show rapid bioconversion of 2-{[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbamoyl}-4-chlorophenyl phosphate bis ethanolamine to Compound 1 when added to mouse plasma in vitro. Less than 5 minutes at 20° C. is sufficient to render 2-{[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbamoyl}-4-chlorophenyl phosphate bis ethanolamine undetectable. In addition, 2-{[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbamoyl}-4-chlorophenyl phosphate bis ethanolamine salt is undetectable in plasma samples taken from mice injected IP with 2-{[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbamoyl}-4-chlorophenyl phosphate mono ethanolamine. Instead, Compound 1 is detected at a concentration consistent with good bioavailability and near-complete conversion of 2-{[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbamoyl}-4-chlorophenyl phosphate bis ethanolamine. With 2-{[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbamoyl}-4-chlorophenyl phosphate bis ethanolamine, doses of 10 mg/kg and IP injection volumes in saline (0.5 ml for a 30 g mouse), that give serum concentrations of Compound 1 in excess of 400 ng/ml (FIG. 9) can be used. Key PK parameters for are: rate of absorption 0.12 min⁻¹; rate of elimination 0.017 min⁻¹.

Example 17 Animal Stroke Model

Most ischemic strokes (˜80%) occur in the region of the middle cerebral artery (MCA). To mimic this injury in mice, an intraluminal monofilament model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) is used. Occlusion is achieved by inserting a surgical filament into the external carotid artery (ECA) and threading it forward into the internal carotid artery (ICA) until the tip blocks the origin of the MCA. The resulting cessation of blood flow gives rise to subsequent brain infarction in the MCA territory (Longa, E. Z. et al., Reversible Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Without Craniectomy in Rats, Stroke, 20, 84-91 (1989)). This technique is used to study a temporary occlusion in which the MCA is blocked for one hour. The filament is then removed allowing reperfusion to occur for 24 hours before the animal's brain is imaged using T2-weighted scans in a 9.4T Bruker MRI scanner at the Case Center for Imaging Research (FIG. 10). FIG. 10 shows a single slice from a T2-weighted MR image depicting the center of the brain showing cerebral cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, amygdala and hypothalamus for a “Normal” mouse (left panels) and a mouse which receives MCAo for one hour followed by 24 hours of reperfusion (right panels). Dashed lines mark the midline of the brain and show a large shift in the MCAo brain due to cerebral edema. Solid line highlights the region of infarct in the MCAo brain.

Survival—

Mice are treated with Compound 5 using a 2 mg/kg i.p. loading dose and 1 mg/ml at 8 μl/h maintenance dose (delivered by an i.p. osmotic pump) of Compound 5, or given saline (controls; n=17) using an identical approach. In this model, we observed a 29.4% improvement in overall survival at 24 h when animals are treated with Compound 5 (X²(1)=4.26; P<0.05).

Cerebral Edema—

Mice are given saline or treated with Compound 5 by multi-dosing at 5 mg/kg i.p. every three hours (n=8 per treatment). This dosing regimen is sufficient to maintain a plasma concentration of Compound 1>20 ng/ml for the duration of the study. Ipsilateral and contralateral hemispheric volume is measured from the T2-weighted MR images of mice 24 hours post-icus. Relative change in hemispheric volume is calculated as a percent of the difference between ipsilateral brain volume (V_(i)) and contralateral brain volume (V_(c)) relative to the contralateral brain volume (Percent Change in Hemispheric Brain Volume=((V_(i)−V_(c))/V_(c))×100%.

Control animals show swelling in the ipsilateral hemisphere with a relative change in ipsilateral brain volume of 13.4%±1.9%, while animals given Compound 5 show a 4.2±1.7% change (P=0.003, ±SEM, see FIG. 11). This represents a 3.2-fold reduction in brain swelling after MCAo.

Neurological Outcome—

In the same experiment as above, animals are scored for neurological outcome on a simple 5 point scale described in Manley, G. T. et al., Aquaporin-4 Deletion in Mice Reduces Brain Edema After Acute Water Intoxication and Ischemic Stroke, Nature Medicine, 6, 159-163 (2000). An improvement in neurological outcome is observed for animals given Compound 5. Control animals have an average neurological score of 2.77±0.66, while animals given Compound 5 have an average score of 0.88±0.31 (FIG. 12, inset, P=0.025, n=9 per treatment). Animals given Compound 5 did not progress into a state of severe paralysis or death.

The data from the MCAo stroke model together with the water toxicity (brain edema) model link the pharmacology of Compound 5/Compound 1 with improved outcomes in stroke. 

1. A compound of Formula III

wherein: R³⁰, R³¹, R³², R³³, and R³⁴ are independently H, halogen (e.g., Cl or Br), C₁₋₄-alkyl, C₁₋₄-haloalkyl (e.g., —CF₃), or cyano; and R³⁵ and R³⁶ are independently protecting groups, e.g., wherein R³⁵ and R³⁶ are independently a protecting group comprising Si, S, N, and/or O, e.g., wherein R³⁵ and R³⁶ are independently a protecting group comprising an optionally substituted cyclic or acyclic ether, an optionally substituted silyl (e.g., —Si(C₁₋₆-alkyl)₃, e.g., —Si(C₁₋₄-alkyl)₃, e.g., —Si(CH₃)₃), an optionally substituted silyl ether, an optionally substituted ester, an optionally substituted ketone, or an optionally substituted thioether, e.g., wherein R³⁵ and R³⁶ are independently —CH₂OR′, —CH₂SR′,

—C(OC₁₋₆-alkyl)(R′)₂, —CH(R′)OR′, —C(R′)₃, —Si(R″)₃, —C(O)R″, or —C(O)OR″, wherein each R′ is independently H, C₁₋₆-alkyl (e.g., C₁₋₄-alkyl), —CH₂Si(R″)₃, —CH₂-Aryl (e.g., phenyl), —C₁₋₆-alkenyl, —CH₂OSi(R″)₃, alkoxyalkyl, or —CH₂CH₂Si(R″)₃ and each R″ is independently C₁₋₆-alkyl (e.g., C₁₋₄-alkyl) or aryl optionally substituted with alkoxy (e.g., —C₁₋₆-alkoxy, e.g., —C₁₋₄-alkoxy), halogen, cyano, or aryl (e.g., phenyl), wherein each R′ is optionally substituted with alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, or aryl, e.g., —(CH₂CH₂)_(n)—Si(R³⁷)₃), wherein each R³⁷ is independently C₁₋₆-alkyl, e.g., C₁₋₄-alkyl and n is 0 or 1, and wherein R³⁵ and R³⁶ are not both —CH₂—C₆H₅.
 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein R³⁰, R³², and R³⁴ are independently selected from halogen (e.g., Cl or Br) and C₁₋₄-haloalkyl (e.g., —CF₃) and R³¹ and R³³ are H.
 3. The compound of claim 1 or 2, wherein R³⁰, R³², and R³⁴ are independently F, Cl, Br, or —CF₃ and R³¹ and R³³ are H.
 4. The compound of any one of claims 1-3, wherein R³⁰ is halogen (e.g., Cl or Br), R³¹ and R³³ are H, and R³² and R³⁴ are independently C₁₋₄-haloalkyl (e.g., —CF₃).
 5. The compound of any one of claims 1-4, wherein R³⁰ is Cl or Br and R³² and R³⁴ are —CF₃.
 6. The compound of any one of claims 1-4, wherein R³⁰ is Cl.
 7. The compound of any one of claims 1-4, wherein R³⁰ is Br.
 8. The compound of any one of claims 1-7, wherein R³⁵ and R³⁶ are independently selected from a protecting group comprising Si.
 9. The compound of any of claims 1-8, wherein R³⁵ and R³⁶ are independently selected from —(CH₂CH₂)_(n)—Si(R³⁷)₃, wherein each R³⁷ is independently C₁₋₄-alkyl, e.g., —CH₃, and n is 0 or
 1. 10. The compound of claim 9, wherein n is
 1. 11. The compound of any one of claims 1-9, wherein R³⁵ and R³⁶ are the same.
 12. The compound of any of claims 1-10, wherein R³⁵ and R³⁶ are —CH₂—CH₂—Si(CH₃)₃.
 13. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is


14. A compound of Formula XX

wherein: R⁴⁰ and R⁴¹ are independently protecting groups, e.g., wherein R⁴⁰ and R⁴¹ are independently a protecting group comprising Si, S, N, and/or O, e.g., wherein R⁴⁰ and R⁴¹ are independently a protecting group comprising an optionally substituted cyclic or acyclic ether, an optionally substituted silyl (e.g., —Si(C₁₋₆-alkyl)₃, e.g., —Si(C₁₋₄-alkyl)₃, e.g., —Si(CH₃)₃), an optionally substituted silyl ether, an optionally substituted ester, an optionally substituted ketone, or an optionally substituted thioether, e.g., wherein R⁴⁰ and R⁴¹ are independently —CH₂OR′, —CH₂SR′,

—C(OC₁₋₆-alkyl)(R′)₂, —CH(R′)OR′, —C(R′)₃, —Si(R″)₃, —C(O)R″, or —C(O)OR″, wherein each R′ is independently H, C₁₋₆-alkyl (e.g., C₁₋₄-alkyl), —CH₂Si(R″)₃, —CH₂-Aryl (e.g., phenyl), —C₁₋₆-alkenyl, —CH₂OSi(R″)₃, alkoxyalkyl, or —CH₂CH₂Si(R″)₃ and each R″ is independently C₁₋₆-alkyl (e.g., C₁₋₄-alkyl) or aryl optionally substituted with alkoxy (e.g., —C₁₋₆-alkoxy, e.g., —C₁₋₄-alkoxy), halogen, cyano, or aryl (e.g., phenyl), wherein each R′ is optionally substituted with alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, or aryl, e.g., —(CH₂CH₂)_(n)—Si(R³⁷)₃), wherein each R³⁷ is independently C₁₋₆-alkyl, e.g., C₁₋₄-alkyl and n is 0 or 1, and wherein R⁴¹ and R³⁴¹ are not both —CH₂—C₆H₅.
 15. The compound of claim 14, wherein each R³⁷ is —CH₃.
 16. The compound claim 14 or 15, wherein n is 0
 17. The compound of any of claims 14-16, wherein n is
 0. 18. The compound of any of claims 14-16, wherein n is
 1. 19. A process for synthesizing a compound of Formula IV

wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁴, and R⁵ are independently H, halogen (e.g., Cl or Br), C₁₋₄-alkyl, C₁₋₄-haloalkyl (e.g., —CF₃), or cyano, e.g., as described for Formula I, e.g., a compound of 1.1-1.52.
 20. The process of claim 19, wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁴, and R⁵ are independently H, halogen (e.g., Cl or Br), C₁₋₄-haloalkyl (e.g., —CF₃), or cyano.
 21. The process of claim 19 or 20, wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁴, and R⁵ are independently H, halogen (e.g., Cl or Br), or C₁₋₄-haloalkyl (e.g., —CF₃).
 22. The process of any one of claims 19-21, wherein R¹, R³, and R⁵ are independently halogen (e.g., Cl or Br) or C₁₋₄-haloalkyl (e.g., —CF₃) and R² and R⁴ are H.
 23. The process of any one of claims 19-22, wherein R¹, R³, and R⁵ are independently halogen (e.g., Cl or Br) and R² and R⁴ are H.
 24. The process of any one of claims 19-23, wherein R¹, R³, and R⁵ are Cl and R² and R⁴ are H.
 25. The process of any one of claims 19-22, wherein R¹, R³, and R⁵ are independently C₁₋₄-haloalkyl (e.g., —CF₃) and R² and R⁴ are H.
 26. The process of claim 25, wherein R¹, R³, and R⁵ are —CF₃.
 27. The process of any one of claims 19-22, wherein R¹, R³, and R⁵ are independently F, Cl, Br, or —CF₃ and R² and R⁴ are H.
 28. The process of any one of claims 19-22, wherein R¹ is halogen (e.g., Cl or Br), R² and R⁴ are H, and R³ and R⁵ are independently C₁₋₄-haloalkyl (e.g., —CF₃).
 29. The process of claim 27 or 28, wherein R¹ is Cl or Br and R³ and R⁵ are —CF₃.
 30. The process of claim 29, wherein R¹ is Cl.
 31. The process of claim 29, wherein R¹ is Br.
 32. The process of claim 19 or 20, wherein R, R², R³, R⁴, and R⁵ are independently H, halogen (e.g., Cl or Br), or cyano.
 33. The process of claim 32, wherein R¹ and R² are independently halogen (e.g., Cl or Br), R³ and R⁵ are H, and R⁴ is cyano.
 34. The process of claim 33, wherein R¹ and R² are Cl.
 35. The process of any one of claims 19-23, wherein the compound of Formula IV is


36. The process of any one of claims 19-35, comprising deprotecting a compound of Formula III

wherein: R³⁰, R³¹, R³², R³³, and R³⁴ are independently H, halogen (e.g., Cl or Br), C₁₋₄-alkyl, C₁₋₄-haloalkyl (e.g., —CF₃), or cyano; and R³⁵ and R³⁶ are independently protecting groups, e.g., wherein R³⁵ and R³⁶ are independently a protecting group comprising Si, S, N, and/or O, e.g., wherein R³⁵ and R³⁶ are independently a protecting group comprising an optionally substituted cyclic or acyclic ether, an optionally substituted silyl (e.g., —Si(C₁₋₆-alkyl)₃, e.g., —Si(C₁₋₄-alkyl)₃, e.g., —Si(CH₃)₃), an optionally substituted silyl ether, an optionally substituted ester, an optionally substituted ketone, or an optionally substituted thioether, e.g., wherein R³⁵ and R³⁶ are independently —CH₂OR′, —CH₂SR′,

—C(OC₁₋₆-alkyl)(R′)₂, —CH(R′)OR′, —C(R′)₃, —Si(R″)₃, —C(O)R″, or —C(O)OR″, wherein each R′ is independently H, C₁₋₆-alkyl (e.g., C₁₋₄-alkyl), —CH₂Si(R″)₃, —CH₂-Aryl (e.g., phenyl), —C₁₋₆-alkenyl, —CH₂OSi(R″)₃, alkoxyalkyl, or —CH₂CH₂Si(R″)₃ and each R″ is independently C₁₋₆-alkyl (e.g., C₁₋₄-alkyl) or aryl optionally substituted with alkoxy (e.g., —C₁₋₆-alkoxy, e.g., —C₁₋₄-alkoxy), halogen, cyano, or aryl (e.g., phenyl), wherein each R′ is optionally substituted with alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, or aryl, e.g., —(CH₂CH₂)_(n)—Si(R³⁷)₃), wherein each R³⁷ is independently C₁₋₆-alkyl, e.g., C₁₋₄-alkyl and n is 0 or 1, and wherein R³⁵ and R³⁶ are not both —CH₂—C₆H₅.
 37. The process of any one of claims 19-36, wherein R³⁰, R³¹, R³², R³³, and R³⁴ are independently selected from H, halogen (e.g., Cl or Br), and C₁₋₄-haloalkyl (e.g., —CF₃).
 38. The process of any one of claims 19-37, wherein R³⁰, R³², and R³⁴ are independently selected from halogen (e.g., Cl or Br) and C₁₋₄-haloalkyl (e.g., —CF₃) and R³¹ and R³³ are H.
 39. The process of any one of claims 19-38, wherein R³⁰, R³², and R³⁴ are independently halogen (e.g., Cl or Br) and R³¹ and R³³ are H.
 40. The process of any one of claims 19-39, wherein R³⁰, R³², and R³⁴ are Cl and R³¹ and R³³ are H.
 41. The process of any one of claims 19-38, wherein R³⁰, R³², and R³⁴ are independently C₁₋₄-haloalkyl (e.g., —CF₃) and R³¹ and R³³ are H.
 42. The process of any one of claims 19-38 or 41, wherein R³⁰, R³², and R³⁴ are —CF₃.
 43. The process of any one of claims 19-38, wherein R³⁰, R³², and R³⁴ are independently F, Cl, Br, or —CF₃ and R³¹ and R³³ are H.
 44. The process of any one of claims 19-38, wherein R³⁰ is halogen (e.g., Cl or Br), R³¹ and R³³ are H, and R³² and R³⁴ are independently C₁₋₄-haloalkyl (e.g., —CF₃).
 45. The process of claim 43 or 44, wherein R³⁰ is Cl or Br and R³² and R³⁴ are —CF₃.
 46. The process of claim 45, wherein R³⁰ is Cl.
 47. The process of claim 45, wherein R³⁰ is Br.
 48. The process of claim 36, wherein R³⁰, R³¹, R³², R³³, and R³⁴ are independently H, halogen (e.g., Cl or Br), or cyano.
 49. The process of claim 48, wherein R³⁰ and R³¹ are independently halogen (e.g., Cl or Br), R³² and R³⁴ are H, and R³³ is cyano.
 50. The process of claim 49, wherein R³⁰ and R³¹ are Cl.
 51. The process of any one of claims 36-50, wherein R³⁵ and R³⁶ are independently selected from a protecting group comprising Si.
 52. The process of any one of claims 36-51, wherein R³⁵ and R³⁶ are independently selected from —(CH₂CH₂)_(n)—Si(R³⁷)₃, wherein each R³⁷ is independently C₁₋₆-alkyl, e.g., C₁₋₄-alkyl, e.g., —CH₃, and n is 0 or 1, e.g., 0, e.g.,
 1. 53. The process of any one of claims 36-52, wherein n is
 1. 54. The process of any one of claims 36-53, wherein R³⁵ and R³⁶ are the same.
 55. The process of any one of claims 36-54, wherein R³⁵ and R³⁶ are —CH₂—CH₂—Si(CH₃)₃.
 56. The process of claim 36, wherein the compound of Formula III is


57. The process of claim 36, wherein the compound of Formula III is


58. The process of any one of claims 36-57, wherein the compound of Formula III is deprotected with a deprotecting agent comprising F.
 59. The process of claim 59, wherein the deprotecting agent is tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride, MgBr₂-diethylether, or BBr3.
 60. The process any one of claims 36-58, wherein the deprotecting agent is an acid.
 61. The process of claim 60, wherein the acid is CF₃COOH (also known as TFA and trifluoroacetic acid).
 62. The process of any one of claims 36-61, wherein the deprotection reaction is stirred at room temperature.
 63. The process of claim 62, wherein the deprotection reaction is stirred for about 2 hours.
 64. A process for synthesizing a compound of Formula IV

wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁴, and R⁵ are independently H, halogen (e.g., Cl or Br), C₁₋₄-alkyl, C₁₋₄-haloalkyl (e.g., —CF₃), or cyano, e.g., wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁴, and R⁵ are as described above, e.g., for compounds of formula 1.1-1.15, 1.25-1.27, 1.35, or 1.36 or as described in claims 19-35, comprising reacting a compound of Formula V

with a compound of Formula VI

wherein R³⁰, R³¹, R³², R³³, R³⁴, R³⁵, and R³⁶ are as defined above for the compound of Formula III, e.g., 3.1-3.21, e.g., wherein the compound of Formula VI is a compound of Formula XX, e.g., 20.1-20.5.
 65. A process for synthesizing a compound of Formula III

comprising reacting a compound of Formula V

with a compound of Formula VI

wherein R³⁰, R³¹, R³², R³³, R³⁴, R³⁵, and R³⁶ are as defined above for the compound of Formula III, e.g., the compound of formula 3.1-3.21, e.g., wherein the compound of Formula VI is a compound of Formula XX, e.g., 20.1-20.5.
 66. The process of claim 64 or 65, wherein the compound of Formula V is reacted with a compound of Formula XX, e.g., 20.1-20.5.
 67. The process of any one of claims 64-66, wherein the compound of Formula V is reacted with


68. The process of any one of claims 64-67, wherein the reaction occurs in the presence of a base.
 69. The process of claim 68, wherein the base comprises nitrogen.
 70. The process of claim 69, wherein the base is a trialkylamine (e.g., (C₁₋₄-alkyl)₃N).
 71. The process of claim 70, wherein the base is N,N-diisopropylethylamine (also known as Hünig's base).
 72. The process of any one of claims 64-71, wherein the reaction occurs in the presence of a catalyst.
 73. The process of claim 72, wherein the catalyst comprises nitrogen.
 74. The process according to claim 73, wherein the catalyst is 4-dimethylaminopyridine (also known as DMAP), 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (also known as DBU), or 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene (also known as DBN).
 75. The process according to any of claims 64-74, wherein the reaction occurs in CH₃CN and CCl₄.
 76. The process according to any of claims 64-75, wherein the reaction is allowed to warm from about 0° C. to room temperature.
 77. The process according to any of claims 64-76, wherein the reaction is stirred for about 20 hours.
 78. A process for synthesizing a compound of Formula IV

wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁴, and R⁵ are independently H, halogen (e.g., Cl or Br), C₁₋₄-alkyl, C₁₋₄-haloalkyl (e.g., —CF₃), or cyano comprising reacting a compound of Formula VII

wherein R³⁰ is defined above for the compound of Formula III, e.g., the compound of formula 3.1-3.21.
 79. A process for synthesizing a compound of Formula III

wherein R³⁰, R³¹, R³², R³³, R³⁴, R³⁵, and R³⁶ are as defined above for the compound of Formula III, e.g., the compound of formula 3.1-3.21, comprising reacting a compound of Formula VII

wherein R³⁰ is defined above for the compound of Formula III, e.g., the compound of formula 3.1-3.21.
 80. The process according to claim 78 or 79, wherein the compound of Formula VII is reacted with a compound of Formula VIII

wherein R³¹, R³², R³³, and R³⁴ are as defined above for the compound of Formula III, e.g., 3.1-3.21.
 81. The process of any of the preceding claims further comprising first converting the compound of Formula VII to a compound of Formula IX

wherein R³⁰ is as defined above for the compound of Formula III, e.g., 3.1-3.21.
 82. The process of claim 81, wherein Formula IX is formed by reaction with a compound comprising P or S.
 83. The process of claim 82, wherein Formula IX is formed by reaction with PCl₃, PCl₅, or SOCl₂.
 84. The process of any of claims 79-83, wherein the reaction occurs in a nonpolar solvent.
 85. The process of claim 84, wherein the nonpolar solvent is toluene.
 86. The process of any of claims 79-85, wherein the reaction is heated to reflux.
 87. The process of any of claims 79-86, wherein the reaction is stirred for about 12 hours.
 88. The process of any of the preceding claims further comprising deprotecting a compound of Formula III

wherein R³⁰, R³¹, R³², R³³, R³⁴, R³, and R³⁶ are as defined above, e.g., a compound of Formula III, e.g., a compound of formula 3.1-3.21.
 89. The process of claim 88, wherein the compound of Formula III is

wherein R³⁵ and R³⁶ are as defined above, e.g., a compound of Formula III, e.g., a compound of formula 3.1-3.21.
 90. The process of claim 88 or 89, wherein the compound of Formula III is


91. The process of any of claims 88-90, wherein the compound of Formula III is deprotected with a deprotecting agent comprising F.
 92. The process of claim 91, wherein the deprotecting agent is tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride, MgBr₂-diethylether, or BBr3.
 93. The process of any of claims 88-91, wherein the wherein the deprotecting agent is an acid.
 94. The process of claim 93, wherein the acid is CF₃COOH (also known as TFA and trifluoroacetic acid).
 95. The process of any of claims 88-94, wherein the deprotection reaction is stirred at room temperature.
 96. The process of any of claims 88-95, wherein the deprotection reaction is stirred for about 2 hours.
 97. Any of the process either alone or in combination as shown in Process 1.90, wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R³⁰, R³¹, R³², R³³, R³⁴, R³⁵, and R³⁶ are as defined above.
 98. Any of the process either alone or in combination as shown in Process 1.91, wherein R⁶ and R⁷ are as defined above are as defined above.
 99. Any of the process either alone or in combination as shown in Process 1.92, wherein R⁶ and R⁷ are as defined above are as defined above.
 100. Any of the preceding processes further comprising isolating the compound of Formula I, e.g., the compound of formula 1.1-1.52 or the compound of Formula III or a salt thereof, e.g., a compound of formula 3.1-3.21 or a salt thereof or the compound of Formula IV, wherein for Formula IV R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, and Q are as defined for Formula I. 